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 What if the "Big Bang" was not the beginning point  of our observable universe?

Authors

By 

*Rupak Bhattacharya ,BSc (Calcutta University), MSc (Jadavpur University) ,of residence  7/51 Purbapalli, Post office -Sodepur, District 24 parganas ( north) Kolkata -110, West Bengal, India Theoretical physicist ।( No institutional affiliation )

** ProfessorDr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD (University of Calcutta) ,FICPath, WBMES (Retired), a Retired Professor and Head of Pathology from West Bengal Medical Education Services cadre of Department of Health and Family Welfare of  Govt of West Bengal , India **Upasana Bhattacharya, a  4th semister student of B.DES ( Fashion Design course )UPES university, Derhadoon, uttarakhand, India , ***Ritwik Bhattacharya, B Com ( Calcutta University) ****Aiyshi Mukherjee , a BSC Biotechnology students of Kalyani University, West Bengal ***Rupsha Bhattacharya BA honors student of West Bengal State University Barasat , ****Debasish Mukherjee BSc (Calcutta University) ****Dalia Mukherjee BA honors (Calcutta university)  ***Hindol Banerjee BA (honors) West Bengal State University Barasat north 24 parganas West Bengal India

*** Of residence 7/51 Purbapalli , Post office --Sodepur, district 24 parganas

( north) Kolkata -110 ,West Bengal, India

(No institutional affiliation)

**** Of residence Swamiji Nagar, South Habra, District 24 Parganas ( north ),West Bengal ,India(No institutional affiliation)

Corresponding author -: Professor Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD university of Calcutta FICPath WBMES Retiered

Emailprofpkb@yahoo.co.in 

 mobile phone number +91 9231510435

Copyright of this Manuscript belong primarily to Prof. Dr. Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya and to authors as per serial orders under strict Copyright acts and laws of Intellectual Property Rights of World Intellectual Property Rights organisations ( WIPO) , RDF copyright rights acts and laws and PIP copy right acts of USA 2012 where Prof Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya is registered member.

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Introduction-: 

The greatest discovery in the history of science is that there was a day without a yesterday. The Universe had not existed forever. It was born? Or It was created by some creator ? Or it was just be ?  All matter today what we see , all energy in the observable universe, space , all voids and even time, bursted out  into being in a titanic fireball we call the moment of  the Big Bang the "planck's epoch" ,and that is estimated did happen approximately 13.82 billion years ago. The fireball then expanded in all directions and, out of the cooling debris , dark matters ( both cold and hot or mixed dark matter) , there congealed all nebulas ,all galaxies – great islands of stars and mixed dark matters ; two or three trillions of them, of which our spiral Galaxy "Milky Way " is but not only one spiral galaxies, there are so many spiral galaxies we know it today.

Whatever way you look at it, the idea of the Universe popping into existence like a rabbit out of a hat is bonkers. For this reason, scientists had to be dragged kicking and screaming to it. The last thing they wanted to answer was the very awkward scientific questions : what did happen then before the Big Bang? Was there really a Big Bang? Was there only one BigBang or were there multiple Big Bangs? Was there only a single observed universe or there are multiverse buble universes??

In recent decades, the idea has taken hold that the Universe began with an ultra-brief burst of a massive Blackhole ( a singlarity)  with super-fast expansion and the expansion is now forever . So violent was this ‘inflation’ that it’s been likened to the explosion of several few thousands Hydrogen-bombs compared with the mere stick of dynamite of the more sedate Big Bang expansion that took over when inflation ran out of steam.

So next questions comes automatically to authors like us 1) where did the Big Bang actually took place in time'lines ? 2) Why didn’t the Big Bang produced  equal amounts of matter and antimatter? 3) where then  did antimatter disappear ?4) is there another universe made of antimatter or mirror matter? 5) were there multiple buble universes one of which is our universe? 6) Does white whole exist as gate way to another universe ?

Big Bang or Big Bounce or other?

Did the universe start with a BigBang  orgin or was it a Big Bounce—or something else entirely? The question of our origins is one of the thorniest in highest quality physics, with few true answers and lots of speculations and strong feelings. The most popular theory by far is the Big Bang Singularity with inflationary theory of Alan Guth (This Big Bang theory brought so many Nobel p rizes in physics since 1901  that very few scientists are found  now against the theory) , the notion that the cosmos blew up in size in the first few fractions of a second after it was born in a Big Bang epoch. But an underdog idea persist that the birth of this universe was not actually the beginning—that an earlier version of spacetime had existed and contracted toward a “Big Crunch" then flipped and started expanding into what we see today. Now a new study suggesting a twist on this “bounce” scenario has supporters excited and inflation proponents newly inflamed over a “rival” they say they have repeatedly disproved, only to have it keep bouncing back.Inflation has many admirers because the rapid expansion it posits seems to explain numerous features of the universe, such as the fact that it appears relatively flat (as opposed to curved, on large scales) and roughly uniform in all directions (there is roughly the same amount of stuff everywhere, again on large scales). Both conditions result when regions of space that ended up very far away initially started out close together and in contact with one another. Yet the latest versions of the theory seem to suggest—even require—that inflation created not just our universe but an infinite

landscape of universe in which possible type of universe with every possible set of physical laws and characteristics formed somewhere. Some scientists like this implication because it could explain why our particular universe, with its seemingly random yet perfectly calibrated-to-life conditions, exists—if every type of cosmos is out there, it is no wonder that ours is, too. But other physicists find the multiverse idea repulsive, in part because if the theory predicts that every possibility will come to pass, it does not uniquely foretell a universe like the one we have.

Was it a Big Bang or Big Bounce ?

"The Big Bounce" concept started in 2017 -2018 remain still a hypothesized cosmological model for the origin of the observed universe and is under active investigation now. It was originally suggested as a phase of the cyclic model or a kind of oscillatory universe interpretation of the Big Bang, where the first cosmological event was the result of the collapse of a previous universe existed in forward time scale . Actually such a conceptual persisted beforehand,  but the very concept receded from serious consideration in the early 1980s after the inflation theory emerged as a solution to the horizon problems of the universe, which had arisen from advances in observations revealing the large-scale structure of the universe. In the early 2000s, inflation was found by some theorists to be  much problematic and unfalsifiable in that its various parameters could be adjusted to fit any observations, so that the properties of the observable universe are a matter of chance in Big Bang model . Alternative pictures including a Big Bounce may provide a predictive and falsifiable possible solution to the horizon problems 

The concept of the Big Bounce envisions the Big Bang as the beginning of a period of expansion that followed by a period of contraction. In this view, one could talk of a Big Crunch ( another singlarity) followed by a Big Bang, or more simply, a Big Bounce. This suggests that we could be living at any point in an infinite sequence of universes, or conversely the current universe could be the very first iteraction. However, if the condition of the interval phase "between bounces", considered the 'hypothesis of the primeval atom', is taken into full contingency such enumeration may be meaningless because that condition could represent a singularity in time at each instance, if such perpetual return was absolute and undifferentiated.The main idea behind the quantum theory of a Big Bounce is that, as density approaches infinity, the behavior of the quantum foam changes. All the so-called fundamental physical constants, including the speed of light in a vacuum, need not remain constant during a Big Crunch, especially in the time interval smaller than that in which measurement may never be possible (one unit of Planck time, roughly 10*−43 seconds) spanning or bracketing the point of spanning or bracketing the point of inflection.

But now, we authors are so questioning the inflationary orthodoxy and advocating a fresh look at alternative models in which the Big Bang was actually a ‘Big Bounce’ from an earlier, contracting, phase of the Universe or not . “Crucially, my co authors  and I are proposing an observational test capable of distinguishing between the possibilities,”

The Big Bounce describes the idea that the Universe's rapid expansion was a reaction to a period of rapid contraction 

The Big Bounce describes the idea that the Universe’s rapid expansion was a reaction to a period of rapid contraction  

Inexplicably big gaps

One cosmic observation that any scenario must explain is why the Universe is so remarkably uniform: specifically, why the temperature of the heat afterglow of the Big Bang is pretty much the same everywhere and why the number of galaxies in a given volume is also the same everywhere.

This is yet a big puzzle to us because if the expansion of the Universe is imagined running backwards to the Big Bang, like a movie playing in reverse, it becomes clear that regions of the Universe that today are widely separated were not in contact with each other at the beginning. In other words, there has been insufficient time since the birth of the Universe for any influence travelling at the cosmic speed limit (the speed of light) to pass between them. How, then, could heat have passed between such regions in order for their temperatures to equalise?

The standard explanation may be that the Universe was far smaller early on than we imagine if we run that movie in reverse. If it was smaller, then bits of the Universe that are today widely separated would have been closer together. But, if the Universe started off smaller earlier on, it must have expanded faster in order to reach its current size in 13.82 billion years.

Such a period of super-fast expansion, occurring in the first split-second of the Universe’s existence, was also proposed by the Russian physicist Alexei Starobinsky in 1979 and the American physicist Prof Alan Guth in 1980. This inflation was driven by the vacuum. Not the vacuum that we see around us today but a super-high-energy version. This was because the ‘inflationary vacuum’ contained a so-called scalar field, which, in common with the Higgs field, discovered at the Large Hadron Collider near Geneva in 2012, had a non-zero energy everywhere. Was it Dark energy?

Dark energy is hiding in our Universe: 

here’s how we’ll find it Radical ideas was : The number that holds the Universe together is changing. The super-high-energy inflationary vacuum had however some remarkable properties. First, it had repulsive gravity, which caused the universe to expand – and the more of it there was, the greater was its repulsion and the faster it expanded. Second, when the inflationary vacuum doubled its volume, it doubled its energy; when it tripled its volume, it tripled its energy and so on.The phenomenon can be explained in following ways.  Imagine if you had a stack of banknotes between your hands and you pulled your hands apart and the result was the creation of more banknotes. Physicists, not surprisingly, refer to inflation as the ‘ultimate free lunch’.But the inflationary vacuum, which contained only energy but not matter, was a ‘quantum’ thing (quantum theory is our best description of the microscopic world of atoms and their constituents). And quantum things are fundamentally unpredictable. So, at random locations all over the inflationary vacuum, bits ‘decayed’ into normal, everyday vacuum.

Picture it as a vast ocean in which bubbles form constantly. Inside each bubble, the enormous energy of the inflationary vacuum had to go somewhere. It went into creating matter and heating it to a ferociously high temperature – in short, into creating a big bang. We live inside one of these big bang bubbles in the inflationary vacuum.

Inflation decays at different rates in different locations, leading to ‘bubbles’ in the inflationary vacuum, in other words, creating the potential for a multiverse, the Big Bang is then not a one-off event. Big bangs are going off like fireworks across the inflationary vacuum. And all this could have been started by a small piece of inflationary vacuum – with a mass-energy of as little as a kilogram – popping into existence out of nothing, which, incredibly, is permitted by the laws of quantum theory. Inflation, once started, goes on forever since new vacuum is created faster than it’s eaten away.

But, according to us authors, the inflationary scenario has still many problems. though awarded many Nobel prizes in physics “ Even After 42 years of proposed theory of inflation by Prof Alan Guth , we have yet no evidence of the existence of the ‘inflaton’ field decay  that drived inflation, as we do find of the Higgs felid in Higgs particles decay,” Also, there is an infinity of ways in which the inflaton field can decay, exiting inflationary expansion and starting Big Bang expansion. Physicists imagine a mathematical ‘potential’, rather like a ski slope, down which the inflaton field slides, reducing its energy to zero. But the ski slope can have a different shape in different locations. “This means to us that inflation will continue for longer in some places than others, greatly changing nature of the resultant space-time,. “Inflation therefore predicts the existence of an infinity of domains, each with different physics – a ‘multiverse’.”

Inflation decays at different rates in different locations, leading to 'bubbles' in the inflationary vacuum, in other words, creating the high potential for a multiverse

Now the problem  stands within us that our Universe doesn’t have the properties of a typical member of the multiverse. “Our universe is exceedingly dilute in vacuum energy relative to a typical region in the multiverse,” We are therefore forced to explain its special properties, such as dark energy, with the topsy-turvy logic of the ‘anthropic principle’: that we live in the domain we live in because, if we didn’t, the physics would not have given rise to stars and galaxies, and physicists to describe them. “This gives inflation no explanatory power,”  “It’s an infinitely flexible framework capable of fitting any data. To my mind that means it is not science.”

 According to ‘the father of inflation’ Prof Alan Guth of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology: “The comment that inflationary cosmology, as we currently understand it, cannot be evaluated using the scientific method seemed so far removed from reality that 32 leaders in the field of cosmology, including five Nobel Laureates, and I wrote a letter to the editor categorically disagreeing with the statements made by this article about the testability of inflation.”we  think that inflation, like ‘string theory’ (a candidate for a theory of everything) has evolved over a long time in the absence of serious experimental tests of its fundamental ideas. “It has therefore created a culture in which supporters believe the theory need not pass the same stringent tests as other theories to prove its rightness,” .

From Bang to Bounce?

One alternative to us is that the Universe didn’t begin with a burst of vacuum-driven inflation but instead underwent a previous contraction phase. The Big Bang would therefore not have been a Big Bang but rather a Big Bounce. There are a number of possibilities, one of which is the ‘cyclic Universe’  in which the Universe might undergoes repeated bounces, possibly an infinite number of them, and therefore has actually no beginning at all.

Crucially, though, a long pre-Big Bang phase provides plenty of time for properties of the Universe to equalise, just as a long time allows a bath of cold water to come to an even temperature after hot water is added.

Did a tiny star had the power one of the biggest bangs in the Universe is a big question to solve for Big Bounce?

Scientists created strange matter that once filled Universe. The Standard Model of particle physics describes the fundamental ‘fields’ that make up our Universe. An electron is a ripple in the ‘electron field’, a photon a ripple in the ‘electromagnetic field’ and so on. The Standard Model, however, is only an approximation of an as-yet-unknown deeper theory.

 we  authors say  it will contain new fields with new massive subatomic particles. These will oscillate in the early Universe, imprinting a telltale regularity on the temperature variations of the cosmic background radiation. “This ‘periodicity’ is potentially observable,”  “And the crucial thing is that it’s different for a Universe that underwent an inflationary expansion and one that underwent a contraction.”

The largest temperature variations were set in place first in an expanding scenario but lasted in a contracting scenario. And since the size, or amplitude, of the temperature variations grows with time, it is possible to tell which scenario was first.

The new test is not the only possible test of inflation. An experiment at the South Pole called BICEP2 is looking for the imprint on the cosmic background radiation of ripples in space-time (gravitational waves), created in the violent turmoil of the early Universe. “If the imprint is found, it will prove"  Big Bang inflation,” . “But if the imprint is not found, it will be possible to find an inflationary model where the imprint is undetectable. This is what we want to mean about the theory being infinitely flexible and scientifically unfalsifiable.”

We of course do admit that the detailed physics of a cosmic bounce is as unknown as the detailed physics of inflation. But  this is inevitable because of the state of our knowledge of fundamental science. The two towering achievements of 20th-Century physics are quantum theory (which describes the world of the very small) and Einstein’s theory of gravity (which describes the very large domain of the Universe).

In the Big Bang, a very big Universe was very small and therefore it is necessary to unify quantum theory and Einstein’s theory of gravity in order to predict what went on. Such a unification has so far proved elusive. “The stark truth is that, without a quantum theory of gravity, we can never really be sure how our Universe began..

Xxxxx

What others say about Big Bounce theory?

Now the breakthrough may come on origin of universe.  Thanks to both theories. 1) Inflation theory through quantum chromodynamics and scalar field  and 2) Big Bounce.  One was to use the most nascent and still-not-complete theory of quantum( QCD) cosmology—a mash-up between quantum mechanics and general relativity—instead of classical general relativity to describe our observable universe. The second theory was to assume that when the cosmos was very young , matter there behaved like light in that the laws of physics that describe it did not depend on any scale. For example, light acted the same regardless of its wavelength. The physics of matter, on the other hand, usually vary from small to large scales. “We know that in the first 50,000 years the universe was essentially just filled with radiation,. “The normal matter we see now was not really very significant then. I think a scaleless early universe is actually very much suggested by our current measurements.”Under those conditions Turok and Gielen found that the contracting universe would never actually become a singularity—essentially it would rather “tunnel through” the worrisome point by hopping from a state right before it to a state right after it. Although such sidestepping sounds like cheating, it is a proved phenomenon in quantum mechanics. Because particles do not exist in absolute states but rather hazes of probability there is a small but real chance they can “tunnel” through physical barriers to reach locations seemingly off-limits to them—the equivalent, on a microscopic scale, of walking through walls. “The fuzziness in space and time and the matter conspires to make it uncertain where the universe is at a given time,”

Turok explains. “This allows the universe to pass through the singularity.”

Other big bounce proponents say the work is a significant step. “By making those two plausible assumptions, they find a very interesting result, which is that a bounce can occur,” says Princeton physicist Paul Steinhardt, one of the founders of inflation theory who has more recently become one of its sharpest critics of inflation theory of Big Bang. He is in opinion. “It shows that in principle a singularity can be avoided.” Steinhardt and Ijjas have been working on another way to mathematically demonstrate the possibility of a Big bounce, by introducing to the universe a special type of field that causes the contraction to turn into expansion well before space gets small enough to become a singularity. Their solution uses classical general relativity as opposed to quantum cosmology. “It means that classical, nonsingular bounces are also possible,” Steinhardt told . They reported their work in a paper posted June 28,2021 to the preprint server arXiv.org. Both studies are still preliminary. Turok and Gielen were able to calculate the bounce only for the case of an idealized universe that is completely smooth and lacks the small density fluctuations that lead to the formation of stars and galaxies in the real cosmos. “The cases that we can actually solve exactly are very simple universes,” Gielen says. “The question you always have is, ‘Will that still be there if you go to something more complicated?’ That’s what we’re working on at the moment.”the universe bounced once, a natural question is whether it will again. But not all bounce theories suggest we are destined to cycle forever through contractions and expansions—for example, even if our universe bounced before, we have no indication so far that it is heading for another contraction. The dark energy thought to make up the largest chunk of the cosmos’ total mass–energy budget seems to be pulling our universe apart at an ever-accelerating rate. What is truly in store for the future is a very open question—about as open, in fact, as the issue of how it all got started.Many advocates of inflation are highly skeptical of any bounce model, especially because they say proponents had repeatedly claimed in the past to be able to calculate bounces without singularities, only to be disproved. “I’m not happy that they do not admit that all their earlier papers should be disregarded,” says Stanford University physicist Renata Kallosh, who calculated errors in previously proposed bounce models. “They now make a new claim, and this new claim I don’t believe.” Alan Guth, a pioneer of inflation based at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, agrees. “Ihe says. “I would like to wait and see how it develops. If they have succeeded in what they claim they’ve done, I do agree it’s very important—even if it’s not the best model for the history of the universe.”

Some inflation researchers are more forgiving, though. “I think that this is a very intriguing line of research,” says Marc Kamionkowski of Johns Hopkins University. “The bounce scenarios, although not yet developed to the level that inflation has been developed, are promising, and it’s imperative to try to develop them further. This paper provides an interesting mathematical result, in a toy model,” he adds, referring to the idealized universe the researchers worked with.Turok and other critics of inflation have their own problems with the dominant theory. They charge that inflation requires unlikely circumstances to get started (a claim proponents disagree with) and that it does not resolve the specter of a singularity at the moment of the big bang itself. Furthermore, “inflation leads to this nightmare scenario of a multiverse,” Turok says, “which for some strange reason is surprisingly popular.”He suggests that the heated debate in the field and the heavy scrutiny new ideas receive will help scientists ultimately converge on a better theory of our origins. “People hold very strong opinions,” Turok says. “I freely admit I do and I freely admit my opinions aren’t shared by 95 percent of cosmologists. I’m actually critical of all these theories, including the ones I invented. But today we have spectacular observations pointing us at incredible simplicity in the universe. To me that means that all of our existing theories are way too complicated. The observations are pointing at simplicity and it’s our job to come up with a simple theory that will hopefully explain those.”

What every person must know about the string theories to evolve all super clusters, galaxies ,stars, planets , planetesimals in the Universe  

Authors are -: 

Rupak Bhattacharya ,BSc (Calcutta University), MSc (Jadavpur University) ,of residence  7/51 Purbapalli, Post office - Sodepur, District 24 parganas ( North) Kolkata -110, West Bengal, India,

 FreelancerTheoretical physicist 

( He has No institutional affiliation )

** Professor Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD (University of Calcutta) ,FICPath, WBMES (Retired), 

Ex Retired Professor and Head of Pathology from West Bengal Medical Education Services cadre of Department of Health and Family Welfare of  Govt of West Bengal ,India 

( He Has Presently no Institutional affiliation) 

**Upasana Bhattacharya, 

  student of 5th semester B.DES ( Fashion Design course ) , School of Design , UPES University ,Bidhouli , Derhadoon, Uttarakhand, India ,

 ***Ritwik Bhattacharya, B. Com

 ( Calcutta University) 

( He has No institutional affiliation )

****Aiyshi Mukherjee , 

 BSC Biotechnology (honors) 2nd yr student of Kalyani University, West Bengal 

***Rupsha Bhattacharya BA (honors) 2nd yr student of  Journalism & Mass communications of West Bengal State University, Barasat , North 24 Parganas  West Bengal 

****Debasish Mukherjee BSc (Calcutta University) 

(He Has No institutional affiliation )

****Dalia Mukherjee BA honors       (Calcutta university)

 (She Has No institutional affiliation )

 ***Hindol Banerjee BA (honors) West Bengal State University, Barasat ,north 24 parganas, West Bengal, India

*** Of residence 7/51 Purbapalli , Post office --Sodepur, D-: 24 parganas

( north) ,Kolkata -110 ,West Bengal, India

(No institutional affiliation)

**** Of residence Swamiji Nagar, South Habra, District 24 Parganas ( north ),West Bengal ,India

(No institutional affiliation)

Acknowledgement -:

All authors of this article gratefully acknowledge contributions of following persons to bring them up and educate them about the" Origin and fate of this Universe, multi Universe theory,  possibility of Extraterrestrial intelligent civilization, panspermia theory  and exoplanets"  like our parents late Mr. Bholanath Bhattacharya (1926-2009) B.Com ( honors in accountancy;  University of Calcutta) ; FCA ( intermediate );SAS  and late Mrs. Bani  Bhattacharya (1935-2006) of their  residence  at 7/51 Purbapalli, Post Office -: Sodepur, District 24 Parganas (North ) ; Kolkata -110, West Bengal ,India and also to  bellow mentioned uncles and aunts   late Mr. Ajit Kumar Chakraborty, late Mrs Sudharani Chakraborty, late Mr Abani Kumar Chakraborty , late Mrs Rebeka Chakraborty , late Dr Asit  Kumar Chakraborty, Mr. Binay Chakraborty, Mrs Aparna Chakraborty ,Prof .Dr . Monoj Bhattacharya, late Prof. Dr. Krishna Bhattacharya , late Mr. Nakul Chandra Bhattacharya  and specially to Late Mrs Sialabala Chakrabortyn of Mahajati Nagar  Agarpara, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India 

Corresponding author -: Professor Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD ( University of Calcutta ); FICPath;  WBMES (Retired)

Email-:  profpkb@yahoo.co.in 

mobilephone number and what's app -: +91 9231510435

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Abstract-:

The basic things of string theory say that we live in an accelerating and ever expanding universe today. String theory also supports the inflation theory of the Big Bang, where a period of rapid expansion happened in the history of the early Universe. Most of the theories in string theory are focused on understanding a theory of broken Supersymmetry.  In String theory, De -Sitter space can arise only when Supersymmetry is broken. Breaking supersymmetry in string theory required us to come  face to face with problems to maintain stabilisation of the universe. In String theory, vacuum ( voids) was  created along with N≥ 2 supersymmetry; there may be flat universes or modules. The energy as we go along three directions in space time ( as it is in scalar field theory) ,there are rather many flat directions or dimensionsin string theory . In field theory, the space is remaining constant and in fact vanishes immediately. But there are 100 flat directions in compactification in string theory .The flat directions or dimensions  are however very bad in Big Bang standard model cosmology. Flat directions cause however many problems in the standard Big Bang model. 

The big question to us  is that , does String theory allows the De- sitter universe ,- a Universe  with negative cosmological constant to anti De- sitter space and inflation theory of Big Bang? It is known that De -sitter space can only arise if and when Supersymmetry is broken. In string theory N ≥2 Supersymmetry there are many flat directions or dimensions .The energy as we go along then these spaces is a constant and intact vanishes identically and these  directions are bad news from part of cosmology . Cosmologically flat directions also ruin successful prediction of nucleosynthesis later . However a new class of string compactification called "flux compactification" are there. In this compactification besides curling up the extra dimensions as  presumed in string theory , small size fluxes are also turned on along the compactified  directions. The fluxes includes higher form generalization of magnetic flux in electromagnetism turning them on charges, the potential in modules space, so that new minima arise in regions or feild space where the potential can be calculated there with control. The value of  cosmological  constant in this  minima  can be calculated with a positive value given in De- sitter universe. This theory of Rupak Bhattacharya, Ritwick Bhattacharya, Prof Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya etal (here are authors) can allow De- sitter universe and inflation at Big Bang in "M theory" and why then this universe started from a Universe  that went to re collapsed and faced a  Big crunch ie Big Bounce, within a Planck time of Big Bang ( Reference no 1- Rupak Bhattacharya ,Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya upasana Bhattacharya Ritwick Bhattacharya etal "What if the Big Bang was not the beginning point of our observable universe"  Research and Reviews : Journal of Space Science and Technology  of STM journal ;vol 10 ;issue no 3 ; 2021;  page 1-7)

String theory is the theory of everything?Whether string theory can live up to  its claim of being the theory of everything and whether it will ever provide a satisfactory falsifiable prediction, as such remain a debated question beforethese present authors. String theory was first  born in the 1960s. Here  strings interactions demands the fundamental forces of the universe a)  Gravity b) Electromagnetism c) Weak nuclear forces d) Strong nuclear forces as we will discuss in the text of this article, Fundamental particles scattering experiments in high energy particle accelerators like Large Hadron colliders ( LHC) had revealed a stunting proliferation of all resultant fundamental particles. Particles after particles like axions, excitators, spinors, resonance, quarks,neutrinos, W Bosons ,winos , all Fermions, R particles, at particular energies aimnantinig for over growing 200 of particles. But none of these particles including even  the latest one of Nobel laureate Peter Higgs  " Higgs particles"  has yet proved  to have  resting zero mass in Gev/c*2 temperature in Grand Unified Theories ( GUTs) and  thus can not be the most elementary particles in the universe with zero rest mass  . Moreover, an over growing near zero mass of particles in motion at speed of light, can't be all elementary particles and thus a zero resting mass particle will be when discovered only then the mystery of the universe will be solved. We have to search for the resting zero mass  particles in the colliders . According to the authors of this article, string theory had several flaws , most serious that the mathematical consistency of string theory at first told us  that a string must have 26 special dimensions,  rather than when  our human eyes can see only three dimensions ( maximum four dimensions  when space time is considered another dimension or directions). Later a rescue attempt replaced the string  with  new  fermionic particle  variety  with infinitesimal  particle's spins  attached to tubular force that could braught dimensions  from 26 to minimum 10. Thus in the 1970s QCD  theory came.The Quantum field Gauge  theory in QED of strong interaction resulted in a field  blow to understand nuclear physics in terms of Superstring theory , where string interactions became weak at very short distances. But for the string, couplings that occur over large distances know a lattice QCD  because it is successful to explain strings. We authors wonder if the strings theory stands as theory of everything , then despite all our efforts we still cannot explain why there are no free quarks in Nature ? 

Key words 

Cosmic String , Hadrons,quarks, anti quarks,  Big Bang standard Model,  GUT , super heavy strings, Gluons Minkowski space, oscillation of strings, Supersymmetry and  Evolution of galaxies,

Introduction -:

One most important theory about the origin of our observable Universe is the cosmic strings or superheavy strings theory which are predicted to form in the early Universe in Grand Unified Theory ( G.U.Ts),in the standard Big Bang model, where loops of cosmic strings were considered the seeds of all  galaxies of this Universe . Before we authors directly jump into Superheavy string theory,let us first talk a little about elementary particles in Quantum Chromodynamics ( Q.C.D) and in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED).

About elementary Particles

What is hadrons?-:

 Molecules are composed of atoms. Atoms in turns  are composed of electrons and a nucleus. The nucleus in its turn is composed of protons and neutrons and the hosts of very short lived particles with  which they interact , are composed of yet more fundamental particles  called"Quarks". Quarks are not however found in a free state in nature. They are thought to be apparently confined in the interior of the particles they are composed of. It is relatively easy to separate an atom from a molecule, an electron from a nucleus  or a proton from an atom . But it is very difficult to remove a quark from inside a Proton or a Neutron 

Today  the elementary particles are two types 

1. Leptons(ℓ)  -: The Electrons and Neutrinos are the most familiar in this group others are  electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau, tau neutrino

2. Photons -: Particles which interact only with one another and with all others . Electric charge of photinos  < 1×10*−35 e color charge 0, spin 1, spin state two +1h,-1h;  it's condensed state mass is huge -: I(J*P C)=0,1*(1−−)

So far these two particles  had shown no internal structure further

Hadrons-:  It is the most complete structure. Hadrons are defined by the fact that they interact with one another strongly. The best example of hadrons  are protons, neutrons, the Mesons, the pi mesons or Pions, the hyperons which do feel strong nuclear forces. In QCD, we believe that hadrons are built of smaller building blocks  like Quarks, bound together by QCD forces gluons or Glue balls .  

There are hundreds of known hadrons which exist widely with diverse properties and are very short lived . The observed  properties spectrum of hadrons are broadly divided in two classes a) Mesons-: which have larger spin (0, 11,2) such as pions(    π) ,kanon( k), and rhO( P)

b) Baryons -: which have half integer spin ( ½, 3/2) such as Proton (P) , Neutron(N) ,Lambda( Λ) ,Omega(Ω). Mesons and Baryons can be subdivided or grouped into multiplets in which the numbers are quite smaller. This classification scheme is called'' Eightfold ways". Merry Gelman

( NL) and Zewang( NL) told that all hadrons could be built-in in bound state of few fundamentals one with spin ½ constituents,  called Quarks ( fermions ) .According to him  mesons are bound state of a quarks (q+) and it's antiparticle (q-) while Baryons are constructed of three quarks and anti Baryons are made of three anti quarks. Thus the antiparticles have the same mass as particles  but exactly has opposite quantum numbers. The Meson and Barton so constructed should have electric charge through their quarks numbers 

Quark flavours-:

Up Quarks  -: symbol (u);Mass ratio (1); in unit of proton charge(+⅔); Baryon(⅓); number of spin(½)

Down Quarks-: symbol (d) ; Mass ratio (2.5,);  in units of proton charge (-⅓)  ; Baryon (⅓) ; number of spin (½)

Strange Quarks-:  symbols (s) ; Mass ratio ( 50);  In units proton charge (-⅓);   Baryon (⅓) ;  number of spin (½)

Charm Quarks -: symbol (  c  ) ; Mass ratio (1673) ;  In ratio of proton charge (+⅔) ; Baryon (⅓) ; number of spin( ½)

Bottom Quarks -: symbol ( b) Mass ratio (1125); In units of proton charge (-13e) ; Baryon (⅓) ; spin(½);  it has color ; yes it decays finally into charm Quarks or into Up quarks 

Top Quarks -:symbol ( t);  Mass ratio (3375 or 173 Gev*2) ; In unit of Proton charge (⅔) ; Baryon (⅓) ; spin (12)

Soit becomes obvious that quarks,  neither anti quarks particles, were  ultimately masslessparticles ( it was however first thought quarks were massless) when they were at rest conditions or in inertia state or in condensation phase , at a point of inflation of the Universe or before the nucleosynthesis started in the universe after Big Bang . They had rather huge mass in Gev temperature and of quarks particles families, top quarks (t) have the highest mass among fermion particles. All quarks do carry functional electrical charges. The d,s,b quarks charge -⅓ in units of Proton charge while c & t quarks have charge +⅔ . Hadron may be thus labelled by their quantum numbers. Hadrons may carry other quantum numbers which was a pain taking discovery. Over the years" baryon numbers", "strangeness" and " charms'' were named of importance. Based on these, hadrons are classified into two broad categories "Baryons" and " Mesons" which are distinguished by their decay products.All hadrons  decay themselves by emitting  leptons (ℓ) photons (γ), or other hadrons,the last of which in turn in the same manner. Baryons always leave a proton among their decay products.Their antiparticles called anti baryons , decay eventually into antiprotons. Mesons either decay entirely into leptons and photons or into baryons and antibaryons pairs. To quantify all these baryons are assigned as baryon numbers and anti baryons are assigned as" B-1" and Mesons are assigned as "B-0". The significance of strangeness (s) and charm(c) is regarded as measurable integer labels carried by hadrons which are labelled in strong interaction but not in weak interaction for beta decay. It is also observed that strange hadrons (s+O) were systematically heavier than non strange hadrons with otherwise identical quantum numbers. When hadrons with charm were discovered it was found still heavier

The Proton and the Neutron have nearly the same mass ( about 938 Mev) and are quite similar in many other aspects. They differ, of course, in their electromagnetic charges. All hadrons follow this pattern. They come in small families or multiplates with  very similar properties but of different charges. Thus there must be a kind of symmetry in the Universe. This symmetry is called " isospin symmetry" described to the types of families and similar properties of members of a family but does not determine in which family they do exist, like proton- neutron form a doublet, π Mesons form a  triplets ( charges -1,0,+1) and″ delta"(∂) hadrons form a quadruplet ( charges (-1,0,+1+2). After the discovery of strange quarks (s) in the 1950s attempts were made to incorporate strangeness into the classification system. This  was because they assigned the hadrons to families with similar properties ( in particular with the spin and parity) but with different charges and strangeness. Strange hadrons weigh somewhat more than non strange siblings, so that strong interactions are not bound to strangeness, but they are near-sighted to allow us to group particles  into families anyway. The concept of or notion of "Quarks " was thus introduced  in 1964 by Marry Gelman ( Refno 2 -: Gelman M , Physics letter  vol8; page2141964) and Zweig ( ref no 3-:  Zewig G - CERN preprint TH 401,page412, 1964)  to explain why Baryons came only in multiplets of 1;8;10 and Mesons in multiplets of 9. They in their articles first proposed the classification to imagine that hadrons are composed of three types of fundamental particles called 'Quarks".They first proposed that Baryons were made of three quarks (Q 3) and Mesons are made of Quarks and antiquarks

A nutshell about Quarks flavours-:

So all  hadrons are definitely composed of small numbers of more fundamental particles called quarks. Experiments with high energy electrons and neutrinos made it possible in effective ways to take the x-ray of proton structure and it revealed that protons do contain objects with exactly the properties ofquarks. The quark possesses an unusual types of charge which in QCD called"color" which operates in the same ways  as the electrical charge. The relativistic quantum field  theory of colour induced force is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD).  By analogy with mathematically similar combinations and two types of flavours of quarks which are labelled as  Up (u) and Down ( d) quarks. The Up(u) and Down (d) quarks are needed to make up both Neutrons and Protons . They move ( spin) inside the hadrons with  an effective mass of about 0.33Gev.To explain the properties of heavier particles further quantum numbers (like  strangeness,charm and beauty particles) must be assigned to Up and Down quarks and their quarks flavours are known as  "S" quarks ,"C"quarks and "B"quarks respectively ."The strange quarks" (S) with mass of 0.5Gev is needed to make up the strange particles which were discovered in cosmic rays in 1940.The "charmed quarks" ( c ) with a mass of 1.5 Gev is needed to make up z/W bosons particles."The bottom  quarks" (b) with a mass of 4.8Gev and was found to make up Gamm(γ) particles. A further flavour of quark (T) or "Top quarks" is predicted to form the symmetry arrangement  and CERN scientists confirmed it in 1997.The evidence for Top quarks came through a dozen or so events contains either W Bosons ( seen via their decays into an electron or muon and a neutrinos) or one such W boson together with three or four sets of hadrons. These are believed to be due to productions of Top quarks antiquarks pairs. The collider detector facility ( CDF)  events have distinctive Top and anti Top quarks features. For example many of them contained  bottom quark or antiquark . The CDF  announced the mass of Top quarks in 171 ±16Gev. At the large electron positron collider ( LEP) the mass of many decay properties of Z bosons had been measured also enabling the mass of Top quarks 171±15Gev . Both the charm quantum numbers and strange numbers are conserved by strong and weak electromagnetic interaction. This means that charmed  or strange particles must undergo a weak decay whose rate is determined by two factors: the  weak interaction coupling constants and density of allowed  final stage i.e. phage -space availability. The characteristic lifetime of strange particles decay are around 10*11 seconds.The charmed particles are much heavier than the strange particles and charmed particles are much heavier than u,d,or s quarks

To explain simultaneously the "Symmetries and charges " of the observed hadrons the quarks are also required to have the electrical charges,which is a fraction of the electron charges "e".Thus an UP (u) and down quarks(d)  have charges+2/3e and -1/3e respectively.  Thus a proton  consist of 2 down ( d) and one up( u) quarks or may be designed as d2,1u

( Ref 3-:  Close E. G " introduction of quarks and protons " at page P3-88; Academic press New York ,1979).  The lambdaparticles (Λ or λ)) consist of one Up quarks,one strange quarks and one down quarks.(u1,s1,d1), similarly Omegaparticles (Ω) consist of 3 strange quarks or may be designed as (s3), Pion(π ) particles  consist of 1 up quarks and 1down anti quarks( 1u,-1d), kaon particles (1u,s1), charmonium (J/psi meson)  can be (1c,-c1),  Bottomonium (n2S+1LJ) particles ( b,-b). Similarly strange hadrons are made of using  s quarks.  The Meson or iP   particles are bound states of charm and anti charm quarks . Although the quark  model was very much  indeed successful in classifying the observed hadrons,in the 1970s, still  it became clear that the simple quark model was inadequate. In addition to quark flavour, quark must carry additional quantum numbers which  are known as " color" and each quark flavour comes in a distinct color,there are as many as color as we thought. There are red, green and blue color . So Up quarks are now denoted as ur,ug,up,ub. They are identical in all respects ( mass, charges, and so on) except in their colors. Similarly colors are present in other quarks like in down quarks ( dr; dg; db) for strange quarks (sr; sg; sb)  for bottom quarks ( br;bg; bb) for Top quarks ( tr;tg:tb) and so on and so on . So color was initially three types in the earliest universe ( even when nucleosynthesis did not start) , and they were Red, Green, Blue.  

The existence of strongly interacting particles with spin ½ is the quarks particles that have half integral spin and as such they ( quarks) are known as Fermions.  But the  basic difference from other Fermions particles from the quarks  is that quarks carry extra quantum numbers " color" which the Fermions do not carry. The quarks as they carry these color and so hadrons are always colourless. 

Quarks are in spin motion 

In the particles and even all the structures found in the universe are in spin motion but who started spinning is the big question: the Higgs fields? -: . 

Particles like electrons, neutrons,  protons, and quarks  are in right handed  or in left handed spin  movement. In QCD,  we believe that hadrons are built up from  smaller building blocks  of quarks bound together by QCD forces. Protons  contain several such quarks  spinning in opposite directions. Spin effects play a very important role in the very early stage of quark structure of hadrons. Actually quark structure model  gave the first satisfactory explanation of magnetic movement of the proton and neutron having their particles made from two kinds of flavours called up and down with electrical charges of +⅔ and-⅓   of the proton charges respectively.The proton is thus made of 2u quarks and 1d quarks and neutron is made of 2d quarks and 1u quarks thus giving  observed charges of+1 and 0. Because all have the spin as proton,the right total  spin for the proton and for the neutron  is obtained by having the u and d quarks in opposite directions giving a total spin which is the difference between u-d quarks spin.

Electric charges spinning 0 in opposite directions have their magnetic movements all pointing in the same direction and added up to a large value. These explain why proton with a positive charge has a magnetic movement  roughly three times the Dirac value and neutron with no charges has magnetic movement corresponding roughly to double the Dirac value for a particle with negative charges

The big question to present authors of this article  is whether further sub &  sub elementary particles in QED  were possible than quark itself?Geonium is a man made atom created in liquid helium temperature in ultra high vacuum from an individual electron in magnetic and electric trapping fields. For this atom the electron gyromagnetic ratio g=20,000,000,000110(60) has been measured in microwave spectroscopy experiments. After substraction  of quantum electrodynamics shifts , The g-gDirac=11x10*-8 excess over the value g Dirac=2 for the theoretical Dirac point electron suggest for the electron of nature a corresponding excess radius Re-R, Dirac over the Dirac radius  R Dirac=0 and so it must be a special structure ( Ref 4-: Bhattacharya Rupak, Bhattacharya Ritwick, Mukherjee Dalia  Bhattacharya Pranab Kumar  "Sub2 quark particle possible in the origin of  mass in early universe " , discussion in Extreme Astronomy.com). A  near Dirac radius Re~-10*-20 centimetres must be present  . In the Big Bang cosmology a near zero rest mass particles are required in singularity point which indicates from nothing state ( zero mass) resulted a spontaneous quantum jump to give finally mass ( Higgs particles are now thought to give mass to a mass less particle in Higgs field  ) in earliest big bang time and these particles  and antiparticles were in ½ spin ( Dirac point particles). So far quarks particles  and it's sub quark energy color and Higgs particles are discovered . In 1974, the Pakistan Physicist late  Prof Abdul Salam ( Nobel laureate in physics) and his associates pictured the electron, a particle on the  level of a quark as composed of three subquarks each 10*10 times heavier than electron in  Gev mass, as like a proton is composed of three spin ½ particles.This is now nomenclatured  as "Salam particles' according to late Prof AbdulSalam (who received Nobel prize in physics as citizens of Pakistan).The big question remain to present authors is it possible to have sub2 quarks particles with zero rest mass in Gev temperature?" . This particle must be sub-sub x  quarks, particles less and less imperfect near Dirac particles held together by new stronger and stronger forces and with almost zero mass in Gev. Probably to the beginning of our universe in planck epoch such a particle existed where Higgs particles fused to give mass in Higgs fields

Forces regulating our universe -: 

Now there are three important forces that regulate our observable four dimensional universe ( space time is when taken as 4th dimension).They are Gravitational forces, Electromagnetic strong forces and electromagnetic weak forces.  The gravitational force is well understood classically since Newton's theory was propagated by Einstein. But even today  there is no satisfactory particle theory for the gravity in particle form except a " Graviton"(G) particle  (mass in Gev 0 < 6×10*−32 eV/c*2) . The effect of gravity is quiet negligible in experimental particle physics and Gravity is very important for large bodies.The electromagnetic force holds atoms together and control the behavior of matter.The strong force is responsible for holding the nucleus together and weak electromagnetic force is responsible for beta decay and other rare process. Now once it was known that hadrons are composed of quarks ,it became possible to construct the theory of strong force.

 It is the force that rather acts between quarks which hold together to form hadrons generating nuclear binding. In QED ,for so long the electromagnetic forces were generated by exchange of photons  between electrically charged particles.  Weak forces were generated  by exchange of new particles H, W,and Z particles. But in QCD , the inter quark force requires another particle called "Gluons'' in gluons fields.Both  the quarks  and Gluons  carry color charge. So Gluon exchange generates Gluon -Gluon  force as well Gluon -quark  or quark-quark forces . What are the Gluon particles in QCD? Are then gloun sub -sub quark particles?.In  certain circumstances quarks radiate energetic particles further,which give rise to characteristic controlled YETS of Gluonparticles. Such YETS were discovered in electron proton colliders called PETRA in Hamburg which revealed the existence of Gluon particles in their Nature. Gluons are theorised really massless particles with spin 1 and negative parity ( charge 0, spin 1, mass in Gev/c*2 is 0 force mediated Strong force) . Gluons are mixtures of two colors, such as red and antigreen, which constitutes their color charge. The evidence of Gloun  is more quantitative and theoretical for evidence for quarks particles.About half of the momentum of the nucleon is  carried by quarks while objects which do not interact either electromagnetically or weakly,must then carry the remaining momentum. It is the Gluon. Gluons can  be  from quarks by strong interacting process. Perhaps most direct evidence for Gluon particles came from observation of jet like structures in high energy annihilation of e+e- experiment. Colliding beams of e+ and e-  particles have been observed to annihilate into hadrons, most of which were found from two YET-like structures in PETRA experiment. The Gluons or Glue balls can be also identified in R ( Rupak particles) particles . Their measurements of the lack of  electromagnetic couplings of R particles led the present authors to hypothesize that R particles (Rupak particles) consist of Gluon bundles. In QED photons transmit the electromagnetic forces . Following the discovery of Psi( An electrically neutral meson having a mass 7,213 times that of the electron and a mean lifetime of approximately 1 X 10*-20 seconds, composed, like the J/psi particle, of a charm-anticharm quark pair particles) , a theory released that  implied  that radiative Beta (β) decay of Psi  particles should be the good sources of Gluon matter( in ordinary matter there should be existence of Glue balls also. ) Matter here is made of gluons as most finest particles, but obviously then matter is not composed of only quarks as finest one. Rather we can say R particles are prima facie candidates for resonating Gluons 

Cosmic Strings 

With this very superficial little background knowledge of particle physics, let us now discuss the Super heavy string theory of galaxies evolution ,The main alternative theory of origin of structures of the universe are cosmic strings or super heavy strings which are predicted to form in the early Universe by Grand Unified Theory ( GUT) in inflationary Big Bang model . Loops of cosmic strings were actually the seeds of galaxies. They were super heavy strings,formed atphase transition or condensation that took place when the universe cooled after GUTS in the very early universe . Kibble ( NL in physics) had suggested that GUTS strings played an important role in the evolution of the universe and the strings provided the inhomogeneity leading  to formation of galaxies. In the very early universe strings were predicted to be formed at symmetry breaking phase transition by those Grand Unified Theories,in which vacuum had the appropriate topology . Cosmic strings are the configuration of the matter fields which owe their topology of the space of degenerate vacuum , produced by the phase transition in the early Universe . Let us ignore the normal structure of the strings and treat them as one dimensional objects with tension. In the resting frame of strings,the mass  per unit length ∞ to tension . The equality of the line of density and the tension caused the typical velocity associated with large vibration on the strings to be close to the speed of light . The strings can not end  but can  either close on themselves or can be extended to infinity (∞). The closed strings formed the string loops. As with any objects  in tension, strings would  also accelerate, so as to try to become straight .Damping  of the strings motion was due to their gravitational interaction with other matters , those become negligible as soon as the strings were formed. Strings that extended outside the horizon of the universe were  conformably stretched by the cosmic  expansion. Thus at a given epoch these strings were straight on their length and scale, but were smaller then the horizon size, but was quite convoluted on a large scale then this. The typical velocity was associated with straightening of a string and was close to speed of  light and the velocity field  of the string  extending outside  the horizon  was relativistic and approximately constant over scale much smaller than a horizon size.Once a loop entered the horizon it no longer expanded but rather  started  to oscillate with a period comparable  to light  travel time across it. The motion was damped  by gravitational radiation causing the size and period of loops  to decrease approximately linearly with time. The  fractional decrease in size , period,and mass of the strings in one oscillation was given by equation Guw where G is Gravitational constant. A string will decrease to zero size in a finite amount of  time losing its energy  by only gravitational radiation.  The distribution of strings in our universe were not quite so often well understood. After the phase transition the strings were formed in a random network of self avoiding curves/ loops.Some of the strings were in closed loops and some were as infinitestrings.Thedistribution of strings so happened that a constant number of loops entered the horizon. If the infinite strings would simply straighten out , then numbers of open strings across the horizon-sized volume would  also increase with passing  time  and strings  would soon come out to dominate the density of the universe . But it didn't happen.  Velenkin ( Ref no 5-:  velenkin A,  Physics Review D23; P852: 1981)  showed that the geometry producedby  the gravitational field near a length of straight string  is that of Minkowski space with three dimensional ( 3D) l wedge taken out of each space, like sliced . The vertex of the wedge lies along the length of the strings and angle subtended by missing wedge lies in the frame of the strings and is equated as ∂πGu. The two exposed faces of the strings thus could be identified. Thus space time remained everywhere except along the strings,where it was highly curved .If Gu<<2,then the stress energy of the strings would produce only small ( lenier) perturbation from the metric of the rest of the universe. Because the matter hadrons in the universe didn't produce significant perturbation from the Minkowski metric space,on scale,less than horizon, the gravitational field at a point ,much closer to a length of a string would be essentially then the same  as gravitational field at similarly located point in Minkowski Space. In the rest frame of the strings ,all elementary fundamental particles were, when passing,the strings deflated by an angle 8πGu withrespect  to all particles passing on the other side of the strings. The magnitude of  discontinuity in temperature across the strings ( while passing of particles) was  ∂T/T=8πGb where G =Gravitational constant ,b=transverse velocity of strings which typically was close to unity. This jump of temperature persisted on angular distance away from the strings, corresponding to the present angular size of the radius of curvature of the strings.The magnitude of temperature jump was then independent of Red shift (Z) at which  light rays reaching to us, passed by the strings. If we calculate the general properties of microwave sky anisotropy in string mode  then let us assume that microwave photons were last scattered at Redshift Z=1s. So in a perfectly homogeneous universe the matter became mostly neutral and optically detectable than at Redshift Z ~1000. However in an universe,with strings, there will be large amplitudes in homogeneity on a small scale and the heat output from objects forming at or before Z/τee may  re-ionize the plasma. If the plasma were fully ionized then Z1s>10 and we have 1000>Z1s>10,the angle subtended by a horizon sized volume space at Z1c is θ1s*-½<<1. One would expect to see  on a round patch of sky of strings per horizon volume at Red shift Z will project one length of string of angular size θ if z<1s. These strings will then oscillate moving relativistically as they were unable to straighten themselves  out of this length scale.In modern Gauge theories of fundamental interaction of vacuum was far from nothing. Rather it is now recognised as a dynamical object that was in a different state. The state of vacuum affected the properties such as  masses and interaction of particles put into it. 

vacuum was created -:

Although the vacuum is thought to be in a ground state,with the lowest state of energy, this state has not always been the same. Thus in early universe when the particles components ( ordinarily matter and radiation) was at  very high temperature,the vacuum adjusted it's state in doing so , modified the properties of particles so as to minimise the free energy of entire system ( vacuum plus particles) i.e the vacuum  went into higher energy state in order to lower the energy of hot plasma by even greater ammount.As the universe cooled to keep the entire system at the lowest possible energy,at a given temperature,the vacuum had to change eventually ,ending up to its present state which is nearby the true or zero temperature vacuum. It was possible in early universe that as the universe expanded, the cooling happened too rapidly for the vacuum to find its true ground state and the vacuum was frozen into ground state with defects.Defects that probably could occur in a three dimensional space could be zero dimensional ( Monopoles),Two dimensional ( domain walls) or one dimensional ( Strings). The strings are so microscopic objects.In most cases  of cosmological interest they have no ends and are either infinitely long or they are in closed loops . AtGUT, the strong,weak and electromagnetic forces behaved as if they had equal strength much as line defects found in crystals.They formed as a network across the space time.The GUTs predict that strings were formed at a temperature of about 19*15 to~ 10*16 Gev, at cosmological time of 10*~35 second. The cosmic strings were formed at the mass scale of GUTs symmetry breaking ( Mx-2x10*15Gev) was typified by mass per  unit length uG/c*2~2x10*6 in …… ( G = Gravitational constant,c= speed of light which is corresponding to u = 

The strings were formed with a mass per unit length of about 10*20 kg*-1. Because of their enormous tension e/G the net work of the strings were formed in phase transition.In this theory  the strings contributed only a small fraction of mass of the universe.The Galaxies were formed by accreacting of ordinary matter around the strings.The strings were attached by subsequent expansion of universe on wave on a  given scale and began to oscillate then .The strings underwent oscillation in which transverse inertia acted as weight and the restoring factors were provided by longitudinal tension of the Strings. The gravitational fields of these string loops caused accretion of matter around them . Brosche PG in  the journal of Astrophysics, stated that angular momentum of  an astronomical object  is proportional directly  to square of mass  and constant of proportionality is comparable to string  theories,which suggests that the universe had evolved through hierarchical breaking of rotating or oscillating strings  and the angular momentum with mass between various classes of different objects ranging from planets to superclusters

 ( Ref no 6 Brosche PZ " j.astrophysics vol 57; P 143; 1963) . For the  past four decades a variety of Grand Unified Theory ( GUTs)  had been developed to unify the strong and  weak  interactions at an energy scale of 10*16Gev .GUTs are gauge invariant point  fields theory of Yang and Mills, the  two Nobel laureates in physics which do not incorporate gravitational forces and henceforth there remains few theoretical constraints on the possible internal symmetry group as per these authors of this article.

Super symmetry? -: 

 The most favourite GUT theories are based on  the special unitary group  Su(5), the special orthogonal Group SO(10) or the exceptional Group E6. In such GUT theories quarks particles and leptons particles make up three of  these families that are unified in one' family. Super symmetries are an important ingredient of GUTs. It is  symmetry that relates to  Fermions and  particles of different spins. But Supper symmetry is not an internal symmetry of the universe, but amounts  to an extension of  space-time in super- space that includes extra spinorial anti-commuting co-ordinates  as well as ordinary  coordinates. Super symmetry requires particles such as s quarks , s leptons, winos,zinos,R particles which have yet to be discovered. Super Gravity theories are point field theories that incorporates local or gauged suppersymmetry and thereby enlarging Einstein theory of relativity. The basic idea of gauge theory is a continuous symmetry or global invariance properties of Lagaragianfield theory that can be made into a local  invariance by  gauge field theory. This means that given a field theory, which proposes symmetry such as U1(1) ,Su(2),Su(3)  or any other U group. The theory can be  extended in a gauge theory which has the symmetry at each part in the space time individually. The new  symmetry is then called Gauge symmetry because it  implies we can choose our  measuring standard  Gauge to differentiate  throughout space time without changing the physics of the theory. The most familiar example  of a Gauge theory is electromagnetism . In QED , the quantum field theory of electromagnetic interaction are charged particles and photon / Boson is the most  successful gauge theory.The behavior of a relativistic string moving in space time differs  significantly from that  of a  point  particle. Unlike a point particle , a classical relativistic string has an  infinite  number of vibrational modes with arbitrarily high frequencies and angular momentum. This means that in quantum theory , a string  has an infinite number of states with masses and spins which increases without limit. 

String theory developed in the 1970s as model of strong interaction physics. A meson has thought of as a string  with a quark  attached to one end  while an antiquark to the other end. The string tension (T)  was supposed to be ~1Gev*2 and the  excited states of the  strings were supposed to be hadrons. The main  theories were " Boson theory" which only  described Bosons  and the spinning theories that incorporated Bosons as well Fermions . These early  string theory had several theoretical  inconsistencies according to  present authors of this article, because the  strings  ground  states always  turned out to be Tachyons  ( Reference no 6-:  Rupak Bhattacharya, Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, Upasana Bhattacharya, Ritwik Bhattacharya Rupsa Bhattacharya, Dalia Mukherjee etal  'Tachyon faster than light particles exist in our universe or an imaginary mathematical particles " International journals of Astronomy Astrophysics and Space Science vol 2; no 3; June 2015; page 12-29).  Superstring theory that evolved from spinning string theory that incorporated Supersymmetry and had no tachyonic ground state. Superstring theories  hence offered the possibility of constructing a consistent quantum theory that unifies  all interactions including gravity and natural mass scale set by string tension (T)  at Planck's scale  ( T*½=10*9Gev).The  excited states were so massive that they could be taken to be infinitely heavy ( like superclusters of galaxies) and the theory can be approximated by effective point field theory of the mass-less state only. At the energy scale below the  Planck scale, the string looks like a point. One of the constraints in any string theory is that  all string theory contains a massless spin 1 and spin 2 particles which are associated with  Yang and Mills Gauge Boson  and Gravitation. Furthermore the original Bosonic string theory  required 26 space time dimensions  where as  superstrings theory demands only ten (10 )  dimensional space time.We live only in a three (03)  dimensional universe and we can best  imagine four (04)  dimensional space time. Then where  are these extra six (06) dimensions in superstring theory or extra twenty two (22) dimensions in Bosonic string theory? Maybe  these dimensions are curled  up or coiled up and finally became  very small  by compactification in superstring theory or may be hidden in black hole.

Types of superstring theories -: 

There are three types of superstring theories . Type 1 super string theory describes the dynamic of open  strings that have their free end points. The strings here carry quantum numbers in the n dimensional, defining representation  of a classical group G-S0(a) or the simplistic group USP(a) at their endpoints SU(a). This is similar to the way in which quarks quantum numbers were incorporated in the original string picture of Mesons. 

The string is locally invariant under two Super Symmetries n=2 and the free ends boundaries conditions break down this just to one( N=1) supersymmetry. The mass-less open strings state is the usual  state of SuperSymmetry of Yang Mills theory in ten (10) dimensions with Gauge group G . The two open strings can interact when two ends touch  and join  to form one open string or co inversely one string can split  in two. One important thing is that the two end points of a simple string  can join to form  a closed string and  thus massless state of a closed string forms a super Gravity and don't carry yang Mills quantum numbers 

Type II superstring theory only involves the closed strings . This can have  an orientation associated with the fact that waves can run around the strings  in two possible directions. The two orientations allow for two chiral supersymmetries.  So  these theories are  invariant under ten( 10)dimensions. In type II (a ) theory  the two superchargers  have opposite chirality and so the theory has  actually no  chirality and therefore it is not  a very important theory. It is rather a low energy point field theory whose dimensions are  D=10.n=2 non chiral super Gravity. Type II(b) theory  has  super charges of the some  chirality. It is  also low energy  point field  theory, the limit  is the  chiral dimension D=10 n=2 super Gravity. This theory is a remarkable theory  in being Chiral  and yet  not having  any gravitational anomalies and IIa very important thine of any  superstring theory is that it must give rise in observed chirality of our three dimensional world which means it must maintain parity with laws of physics

Type III  super string theory ,also called Heteriotic string theory ór Bosonic string theory .It is also based  on closed strings only, although it carries a Yang Mills  Gauge Group G and has super symmetry n =1. In this theory, instead of Yang Mills charges residue at the ends of  the string  there is  a charge density along the whole string (Ref no 7-:  Gross David , Hurvey  j  Martinec  F, Rohm R et al  Physics Review Letters vol 54; P 502; 1984  David Gross awarded Nobel prize in physics for this published work ) . This type of  superstring by  David Gross et al  based on either E8xE8 of type I superstring theory or S0(32). It has been speculated in this theory, if the Gauge group G is E8xE8 -the E8 symmetry may persist  even in dimensionally reduced theory  and in that case  there will be creation of  two types of matter  whose interaction will be described as E8. One type of matter  will exactly mirror the other i.e. matter and antimatter or shadow matters will be created in this theory . This shadow matter or antimatter  interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter creating huge bursts of energy and radiations .  But the  Heteriotic string theory involves originally twenty six (26)  dimensions with sixteen (16)  dimensions  being maximum tours of one or other of two groups  and thus this theory leaves us últimately  in ten (10)  dimensional space time. 

It was again Kulza  in 1922 and Oscar klem in 1926 who jointly showed that if a person assumed general relativity in  five dimensions, where one dimension was curled up , the resulting theory then would have a four dimensional theory of electromagnetism  and Gravity. Electromagnetism  energy there remains as Gravity in the curled up 5th dimension. Wien  had identified the momentum of particles moving around the 5th dimension as gravitational charge . Bosonic string theory ( type III)  requires 26 space time dimensions when super string  theory contains 10 space time dimensions. So in string theory at least there are six (6) or  seven (7)  extra  dimensional space time remaining.  One can imagine that these  extra dimensions are curled up to form a small manifold  and remarkable such six or seven  dimensions  compactification can produce a world remarkably  like our own World in which the shape of  extra dimensions determine the matter content and forces of nature as seen in four dimensional observers. 

So the strings could occur  as vortex in Gauge theories in anomalies manner in the  formation of  Abrikosov  megantic filaments in super conditions and such a vortex  was formed  in phase transition in the very early universe in the Higgs fields. . The  strings then  broke down or chopped of mesh at speed of 10*8 seconds after the Big Bang.This spontaneous broken  theory with Higgs fields says 1M* 2X/4£

G∫πn*2∫G where π is true vacuum expectations value of Higgs field  and MX Mass of the associated vector boson G=g*2/4π is the Gauge field  coupling  constants ( G is Gravitational fraction for the  Abelian  Higgs Model .If MH=MX where MH is the mass of scalar Higgs particles' then ∫G=1 then electro week with u=19*2and MX=100Gev and the string mass Ucw~-2x10*-5 g cm*1 ~=2x10*-33 c*2/G . For Grand unification strings  alpha G ~10*-2and MX ~10*-15Gev yelding uGv gamma ~2X10*21GCM*-1~=2X10*-7c*2/G where C is Speed of light ( Ref no 8 Velkin A Physics Review Letter Vol 46; Page 1169; 1981) which shows that value of u for astronomical strings much closer to GUTs strings.

Evolution of Galaxies stars planets from cosmic strings -: 

 So Brosche and Tassie (reference no 9 LT Tassie Nature vol 323 P 40 1986) theory suggested a very different evolution of the universe and Galaxies.  According to them ,  some times in the early past of the universe, strings constituted all or nearly all of mass of Universe and that astronomical objects we today see originally formed from the strings in such a way  that a large piece of string which eventually corresponded to Superclusters galaxies ( it contains some millions of galaxies ) broke into smaller pieces of strings corresponding to clusters of galaxies . These pieces of strings in turn further broke into further smaller pieces of strings  corresponding to galaxies . They even broke into further smaller pieces of strings to stars and so on and so on. At each stage of hierarchy breaking of strings the new pieces might have some vibrational energy and the vibrational energy was large compared with mass to come on. Eventually the pieces of strings transformed either by phase transition or some form of rapid breaking into ordinary matter and thus became planet satellites, asteroids etc that we see now . But many other theory say that seeding of galactic matter and radiation densities, the universe passed the state of equal matter and antimatter  and radiationdensities some about 10*11seconds (30000 years) later than galactic string loops chopped off mashes after 10*8 seconds after the initial Big Bang .

So the idea that super heavy strings were formed at phase transition in the very early universe provides an explanation of the origin of galaxies. GUTs  formed strings at symmetry breaking phase transitions in the early Universe in which vacuum ( voids) was appropriate topology. They have well known analogues in condensed  matter physics. Much as the line defects the strings formed a network across the whole space . In some theories strings were formed after a period ofinflation. They were then stretched by subsequent expansion of the universe and waves on a given scale began to oscillate as the  scale entered the particle's horizon. Wherever the strings crossed itself,an exchange of partners occurred and produced crossed  oscillating loops  of strings with long life times. The gravitational force of these loops  caused matter to accrue  around strings.Thus the strings could be  the primordial density fluctuation needed in the early Universe to explain eventual formation of galaxies. Now the question stands how such strings would produce density fluctuation on a broad range  of scale which was responsible for formation of galaxies? Galaxy formation from the dark matter was an extremely active area of study. From the Big Bang nucleosynthesis ,it was known that  Baryons accounted for less than 15% of  critical cosmological density. Observation of the dynamics of galaxies suggests that matter clustered with galaxies is 60% of the critical density ( K) and the lower end of observed range is consistent with the Baryon limit. Thus the dynamical Dark Matter could be Baryon?There are however two arguments which drive us to look for other candidates.The first is inflation and the second is anisotropy of 3K microwave background.

Inflation was the only way of explaining several otherwise extraordinary initial conditions of the universe.But for fine tuning of inflation required a critical density of the universe . Thus at least 85% of the universe (15% were Baryon) could notbe the Baryons matter and more than 60% of the matter of this universe so didn't cluster into galaxies.The density of the matter on the universe must be  greater than baryonic upper limit . To make things a little more difficult,it is said that " the special correlation  functions of  rich clusters of galaxies had revealed strong clustering of very large scale up to 150 MPC" .This correlation functions of clustering of galaxies was 18 times stronger than the special correlation functions of galaxies. It was also found that the largest scale of the universe seems to look filamentous ( strings are here turned filaments ) with large vacuum ( voids) and large clumps .With the GUTs an excellent way appeared to produce the distribution of size of universe. In normal generation and application of GUTs ( a fluctuational spectrum with equal powering all scales formed naturally) it was assumed that there was no special correlation between large scale and small clumps.They each had random probability of occurring  anywhere in the universe. On the other hand it means that strings are still produced in some spectrum,somewhere  and in some size. Different proposals so had been put to solve the problem but no models could solve it  as long as it was assumed that primordial fluctuation had random phases. For example a model based on  Neutrinos produced  both critical density and large scale structures  like filaments voids clusters correlation functions but didn't account for early formation of galaxies ( Ref no 10 Bachcall N j astrophysics vol270; P20;1983).Models evoking heavy or slow moving particles[ like Gev mass photinos, gravitons, axions, planetary mass black holes] however fits  the small scale structure galaxy correlation functions, formation of time  and so forth as well as building hierarchical to yield  clusters , but it do not allow critical density of the universe to be reached. Even the hybrid model with low mass and huge mass ions also runs into problems, because low mass particles smear out of the small structure of the universe.A more natural solution of the problem might be non random phases of the string model. JE Peebles Nobel laureate in physics ( Ref no 11  JE Peebles Nature vol 311.P517;1984) noted that non random phases of string model of the universe yields large scale filaments and voids as superheavy strings attract galaxies and clusters and give string- clusters -strings correlation.Work by JE Peebles showed that a model based on clustering of galaxies about filaments ( here strings) fit higher 3and 4 points correlation functions for galaxies as well as hierarchical clustering. This model also enables density growth in some areas without producing a large universal background anisotropy and so could enable Baryons to be Dark Matter on galaxy and cluster state with non baryonic stuff being a critical density background. The degree of Random to non random phases in such a model depends upon the density of strings in the space . In the limit of space being completely filled with strings the string picture also give random phases. Even if string densities are large enough to randomised phases their mere existence would still alter galaxy in formation  , calculation, because it were the strings rather than matter that would carry the fluctuations.

The universe's  rhymes ( References 12) —

The appearance of all similar structures in different areas of physics—underlie the ways  theory can potentially unifies gravity with the other forces of nature and thus can eliminate the ultraviolet divergences that plague quantum gravity. String theory has, even among theoretical physicists, the reputation of being mathematically intimidating. But many of its essential elements can actually be described simply. Our this article aims to answer a few basic questions about the string theory and evolution of our most distant galaxies in the earliest time of the observable universe. 1) How does string theory generalize standard quantum field theory?  2) Why is string theory forcing us  to unify general relativity with the other forces of the universe, while standard quantum field theory makes it so difficult to incorporate general relativity? 3) Why are there no ultraviolet divergences in string theory? 4)  What happens then to  Einstein’s conception ofspacetime in string theory?

Any physicist who studied at a very high level of physics  is aware that although physics—does not precisely repeat itself, it does rhyme, with similar structures appearing in different areas. We can say that Einstein's  gravitational waves are therefore analogous to electromagnetic waves or to the water waves at the surface of a pond when a stone is thrown in water . We authors here will begin with one of the universe's rhymes: an analogy between quantum gravity and the theory of a single particle. Even though we do not actually understand it well, quantum gravity is supposed to be some kind of theory in which, from a macroscopic point of view, we average, in a quantum mechanical sense, over all possible spacetime geometries. (We do not really know to what extent that description is valid microscopically in string theory.). SoGravity plays a more important role always in macroscopic objects rather than it plays on  microscopic or in a single particle.  The averaging if performed, in the simplest case, with a weight factor  exp (iI/ℏ), where I is the Einstein–Hilbert action:

I=1/16πG  ∫d*4x√g (R−2Λ).(*= As super script  ie to the power of )...... (equation no1) where G is Newton’s constant, g is determinant of the metric tensor, R is curvature scalar, Λ is a cosmological constant, and d*4x is the spacetime volume element.

Let us try now to make such a theory with one spacetime dimension instead of classical four space time dimensions. The choices for a one-manifold are quite limited:

Picture (1)

Moreover, the curvature of the scalar field is then identically zero in one dimension, and all that’s left of the Einstein–Hilbert action is the cosmological constant. However, Einstein’s fundamental insights were not tied to the specific Einstein–Hilbert action.Rather, they were in the broader sense that spacetime can varydynamically and that the laws of the universe are generally covariant, or invariant under arbitrary diffeomorphisms (coordinate transformations) of spacetime. 

 By applying those insights, we can make a nontrivial quantum gravity theory in one dimension provided we include matter fields.

Adding matter in scalar field -: 

The simplest of matter fields are scalar fields X**I, where I = 1, … , D. (** Is underscript )

The standard general relativistic action for scalar fields then  is

I=∫dt√g [1/2D∑I=1 g*tt (dX**l/dt)*2*−1/2m*2],......(equation no 2)

where g**tt is a 1 × 1 metric tensor, and the Λ term has been replaced now with m*2/2.

Let us now introduce the canonical momentum P**I = dX**I/dt. The Einstein field equation—which is the equation of motion obtained by varying the action I with respect to g— is just g*tt D∑I=1P2/I+m* 2=0. ……(equation no 3)

We if pick the gauge g*tt = 1, so the equation is P*2 + m*2 = 0,(equation no 4) with P*2 = ∑IP I*2. Quantum mechanically (in units with h= 1), PI = −i∂/∂**XI, and the meaning of the equation P*2 + m*2 = 0 is that the wave function Ψ(X), where X is the set of all X**I, must be annihilated by the differential operator that corresponds to P*2 + m*2. Then

(− D∑I=1 ∂*2/∂X*2** I

+m*2)Ψ(X)=0.  ….(.equation no5)

This is an equation—the relativistic Klein–Gordon equation in D dimensions—but in Euclidean signature, in which time and space are on equal footing. To get a sensible physical interpretation, we should now try to reverse the kinetic energy of one of the scalar fields XI so that the action becomes

I=∫dt√g{½g*tt [−(dX0/dt)*2+D−1∑i=1(dXi/dt)*2]−1/2m*2}....(.equation no 6)

Now we know that the wave function obeys a Klein–Gordon equation in Lorentz signature:and thus

(∂*2/∂X*2 0−D−1∑i=1∂*2/∂X*2i+m*2)Ψ(X)=0……(equation no 7)

So we have found an exactly soluble theory of quantum gravity in one dimension space time that describes a spin-0 particle of zero (0 ) rest mass m propagating in D-dimensional Minkowski spacetime. Actually, we can replace Minkowski spacetime by any D-dimensional spacetime M with a Lorentz (or Euclidean) signature metric GIJ, the action being then

I=∫dt√g(1/2gttGIJ dX*I/dt dXl/dt−1/2 m*2).......(equation no 8)

Figure 1a

Figure 1a caption 

.[ A graph with trivalent vertices. 

The natural path integral to consider is one in which the positions x1, … , x4 of the four external particles are fixed, and the integration is over everything else. A convenient first step is to evaluate an integral in which the positions y1, … , y4 of the vertices are also fixed. This Feynman diagram can generate an ultraviolet divergence in the limit that the proper-time parameters τ1, … , τ4 in the loop all vanish.]

From here on, summation over repeated indices is implied. The equation obeyed by the wave function is now the massive Klein–Gordon equation in any curved spacetime M:(−G*IJ D/DX*I D/DX*J+m*2)Ψ(X)=0,...( equation no 9)

where D represents covariant differentiation. 

Just to make things more familiar, let us authors  further go back to the case of flat spacetime .  Let we calculate the probability amplitude for a particle to start at one point x in spacetime and end at another point y.We can do it so by evaluating a Feynman pathintegral in our quantum gravity model. The path integral can be done over all metrics g(t) and scalar fields XI(t) on the one-manifold with the condition that X(t) is equal to x at one end and to y at the other.

 The process of evaluating the path integral in our quantum gravity model is to integrate over the metric on the one-manifold, modulo diffeomorphisms. But up to diffeomorphism, the one-manifold has only one invariant, its total length τ, which we will interpret as the elapsed proper time. In our gauge g*tt = 1, a one-manifold of length τ is described by a parameter t that covers the range 0 ≤ t ≤ τ. Now on the one-manifold, we have to integrate over all paths X(t) that start at x at t = 0 and end at y at t = τ. That is the basic Feynman integral of quantum mechanics with the Hamiltonian being H = ½(P*2 + m*2).According to Feynman, the result is the matrix element of exp(−τH) is

G(x,y;τ)=∫d*Dp/(2π)*D exp [ip⋅(y−x)]exp[−τ/2 (p*2+m*2)]..... equation no( 10)

 But we have to also  remember to do the gravitational part of the path integral, which in the present context means to integrate over τ.The integral over τ gives our final answer:

G(x,y)=∫*∞0dτ(G(x,y;τ)=∫d*Dp/(2π)*D exp[ip⋅(y -x)]2/p*2+m*2…(.equation no

 11)  This formula is the output of the complete path integral—an integral over metrics g(t) and paths X(t) with the given endpoints, modulo diffeomorphisms —in our quantum gravity model. The function G(x, y) is the standard Feynman propagator in Euclidean signature, apart from a  convention-dependent normalization factor. Moreover, an analogous derivation in Lorentz signature (for both the spacetime M and the particle world line) gives the correct Lorentz-signature  Feynman propagator.

So we have now already interpreted a free particle in D-dimensional spacetime in terms of 1D quantum gravity. can we include interactions? There is actually a perfectly natural way. There are not a lot of smooth one-manifolds, but there is a large supply of singular one-manifolds in the form of graphs, such as the one in figure 1. Our quantum-gravity action makes sense on such a graph. We simply take the same action that we used before, summed over all the line segments that make up the graph.

Now to do the quantum-gravity path integral, we have to integrate over all metrics on the graph, up to diffeomorphism. The only invariants are the total lengths or proper times of each of the segments. Some of the lines in figure 1 have been labeled by length or proper-time variables τi.

The natural amplitude to compute is one in which we hold fixed the positions x1, … , x4 of the graph’s four external particles and integrate over all the τi and over the paths the particles follow on the line segments. To evaluate such an integral, it is convenient to first perform a computation in which we hold fixed the positions y1, … , y4 of the vertices in the graph. That means all endpoints of all segments are labeled. The computation that we have to perform on each segment is the same as before and gives the Feynman propagator. The final integration over y1, … , y4 imposes momentum conservation at each vertex. Thus we arrive at Feynman’s recipe for computing the amplitude associated with a Feynman graph—a Feynman propagator for each line and an integration over all momenta subject to momentum conservation.

Amore perfect rhyme-:

We have arrived at one of nature’s rhymes. If we imitate in one dimension what we can expect it to do in four dimensions to describe quantum gravity, we shall end up with something that is  ordinary quantum field theory in a possibly curved spacetime. In our example in figure 1, the ordinary quantum field theory is scalar ϕ3 theory because of the particular matter system we started with and because our graph had cubic vertices. Quartic vertices,  will give ϕ4 theory, and a different matter system will  give fields of different spins. Many or maybe all quantum field theories in D dimensions can be derived in that sense from quantum gravity in one dimension.

There is actually a much more perfect rhyme if we repeat the procedure in two dimensions—that is, for a string instead of a particle. We immediately run into the fact that a two-manifold Σ can be curved: 

Figure 

On a related note, 2D metrics are not all locally equivalent under diffeomorphisms. A 2D metric in general is a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix constructed from three functions: 

g**ab=( g11/g21 g12/g22),g**21=g**12…

..equation no( 12)

 A transformation of the 2D coordinates σ, generated by σ*a→σ*a+h(σ),a=1,2……(equation no 13) ,can remove only two functions, leaving the curvature scalar as an invariant. All those suggest that the integral over 2D metrics will not resemble what we found in the 1D case. But now we notice the following. The natural analog of the action that we used in one dimension is the general relativistic action for scalar fields in two dimensions, namely

I=∫d*2σ√gg*abG**IJ∂X*I/∂σ**a/∂X"J/ ∂σ**b.

…..(equation no 14) . But this is conformally invariant, that is, it is invariant under a Weyl transformation of the metric gab → eϕgab for any real function ϕ on Σ. This is true only in two dimensions (and only if there is no cosmological constant, so we now omit that term in going to two dimensions). Requiring Weyl invariance as well as diffeomorphism invariance is enough to make any metric gab on Σ locally trivial (locally equivalent to δab), similar to what we said for one-manifolds.

Figure 

Some very pretty 19th-century mathematics now comesinto play. A two-manifold whose metric is given up to a Weyl transformation is called a Riemann surface.As in the 1D case, a Riemann surface can be characterized up to diffeomorphism by finitely many parameters. There are two big differences: The parameters are now complex rather than real, and their range is restricted in a way that leaves no room for an ultraviolet divergence. We will return to that last point later.

But first, let us take a look at the relation between the 1D parameters and the 2D ones. A metric on the Feynman graph in figure 2a depends, up to diffeomorphism, on three real lengths or proper-time parameters τ1, τ2, and τ3. If the graph is “thickened” into a two-manifold, as suggested by the figure, then a metric on that two-manifold depends, up to diffeomorphism and Weyl transformation, on three complex parameters τ̂1, τ̂2, and τ̂3.

 Figure 2b gives another illustration of the relation between a Feynman graph and a corresponding Riemann surface.

Figure 2. Caption 

[From lines to tubes. (a) A Feynman diagram with proper-time parameters τ1, τ2, and τ3 (top) can be turned into a corresponding Riemann surface (bottom) by slightly thickening all the lines in the diagram into tubes that join together smoothly. The Riemann surface is parameterized, up to coordinate and Weyl transformation, by complex variables τ̂1, τ̂2, and τ̂3. (b) The same procedure can turn the one-loop Feynman diagram (top) into its string theoryanalog .]

We used here 1D quantum gravity to describe quantum field theory in a possibly curved spacetime but not to describe quantum gravity in spacetime. The reason that we did not get quantum gravity in spacetime is that there is no correspondence between operators and states in quantum mechanics. We considered the 1D quantum mechanics with action

I=∫dt√g(1/2g*ttG**IJ dX*I/dt dX*J/dt−1/2m*2).....(equation no 15)

What turned out to be the external states in a Feynman diagram were just the states in that quantum mechanics. But a deformation of the spacetime metric is represented not by a state but by an operator. When we make a change δG**IJ in the spacetime metric G**IJ, the action changes by I→I+∫dt√g𝒪, …..( equation no 16)    where 𝒪 = ½g*ttδG**IJ ∂tX*I∂**tX*J   ……(equation no 17) is the operator that encodes a change in the spacetime metric. Technically, to compute the effect of the perturbation, we include in the path integral a factor δI=∫dt√g𝒪, integrating over the position at which the operator 𝒪 is inserted.

A state would appear at the end of an external line in the Feynman graph. But an operator 𝒪 such as the one describing a perturbation in the spacetime metric appears at an interior point in the graph, as shown in figure 3a. Since states enter at ends of external lines and operators are inserted at internal points, there is in general no simple relation between operators and states.

figure 3

[Figure 3. States and operators. (a) A deformation of the spacetime metric corresponds to an operator 𝒪 that can be inserted at some internal point p on a Feynman graph. By contrast, a state in the quantum mechanics would be attached to the end of one of the outgoing lines of the graph. (b) A Riemann surface can also have an operator insertion. (c) If the marked point in panel b is deleted, the Riemann surface is conformally equivalent to one with an outgoing tube that is analogous to an external line of a Feynman graph. The operator 𝒪 that was inserted at p is converted to a quantum state of the string that propagates on the tube.]

But in conformal field theory, there is a correspondence between states and operators. The operator 𝒪 = ½g*abδG**IJ∂**aX*I∂**bX**J  ..…..(equation no 18 )that represents a fluctuation in the spacetime metric automatically represents a state in the quantum mechanics.That is why the theory describes quantum gravity in spacetime.

The operator–state correspondence arises from a 19th-century relation between two pictures that are conformally equivalent. Figure 3b shows a two-manifold Σ with a marked point p at which an operator 𝒪 is inserted. In figure 3c, the point p has been removed from Σ, and a Weyl transformation of the metric of Σ has converted what used to be a small neighborhood of the point p to a semi-infinite tube. The tube is analogous to an external line of a Feynman graph, and what would be inserted at the end of it is a quantum string state. The relation between the two pictures is the correspondence between operators and states.

To understand the Weyl transformation between the two pictures, consider the metric of the plane (figure 4) in polar coordinates:

ds*2=dr*2+r*2dθ*2.( equation no 19)

We think of inserting an operator at the point r = 0.

figure

[Figure 4. A plane ℝ2, when a labeled point p is omitted, is equivalent via a Weyl transformation to a cylinder with a flat metric. Vertical position on the cylinder is given by w and the point p is mapped to the bottom end of the cylinder at w = −∞.]

 Now remove the point and make a Weyl transformation by multiplying ds2 with 1/r2 to get a new metric

(ds′)*2=1/r*2 dr*2+dϕ*2…….equation no 20)

In terms of w = log r, −∞ < w < ∞, the new metric is (ds′)*2=dw*2+dϕ*2,...(equation no 21) which describes a cylinder. The point r = 0 in one description corresponds in the other description to the w → −∞ end of the cylinder. What is interpreted in one description as an operator inserted at r = 0 is interpreted in the other description as a quantum state flowing in from w = −∞.

Thus to us , string theory can describe  quantum gravity in spacetime. But it does not describe quantum gravity only.It describes quantum gravity unified with various particles and all forces in spacetime. The other particles and forces correspond to other operators in the conformal field theory of the string—apart from the operator 𝒪 that is related to a fluctuation in the spacetime geometry—or equivalently to other quantum states of the string.

The operator–state correspondence that leads to string theory describing quantum gravity in spacetime is also important in some areas of statistical mechanics and condensed-matter physics. That is indeed another one of nature’s rhymes.

No ultraviolet divergences

The next step for us is to explain why this type of theory does not have ultraviolet divergences?, in sharp contrast to what happens if we simply apply textbook recipes of quantization to the Einstein–Hilbert action for gravity. When we use those recipes, we encounter intractable ultraviolet divergences that were first found in the 1930s. Back then it was not entirely clear that the problem is special to gravity, because there were also troublesome ultraviolet divergences when other particle forces were studied in the framework of relativistic quantum theory. However, as ultraviolet divergences were overcome for the other forces—most completely with the emergence of the standard model of particle physics in the 1970s—it became clear that the problems for gravity are serious.

To understand why there are no ultraviolet divergences in string theory, we should begin by asking how ultraviolet divergences arise in ordinary quantum field theory.They arise when all the proper-time variables in a loop go simultaneously to zero. So in the example of figure 1, there can be an ultraviolet divergence when τ1, τ2, τ3, and τ4 simultaneously vanish.

It is true that a Riemann surface can be characterized by complex parameters that roughly parallel the proper-time parameters of a Feynman graph (figure 2). But one important difference prevents ultraviolet divergences in string theory. The proper-time variables τi of a Feynman graph cover the whole range 0 ≤ τi ≤ ∞. By contrast, the corresponding Riemann surface parameters τ̂i are bounded away from zero. Given a Feynman diagram, one can make a corresponding Riemann surface, but only if the magnitudes of the proper-time variables τ̂i are not too small. The region of the parameter space where ultraviolet divergences occur in field theory simply has no counterpart in string theory.

Instead of giving a general explanation, we will show how it works in the case of the one-loop cosmological constant. The Feynman diagram is a simple circle (figure 5a), with a single proper-time parameter τ. The resulting expression for the one-loop cosmological constant is

figure

[Figure 5. One-loop cosmological constant. (a) In quantum field theory, this Feynman diagram with a single proper-time parameter τ, underlies the one-loop cosmological constant. (b) The string theory counterpart is a torus characterized by a parameter u (the imaginary part of the complex parameter τ̂ from figure 2a) that, crucially, is bounded away from zero.]

Λ1=1\2∫*∞**0 dτ/τ Tr exp(−τH),(equation no 22) where H is the particle Hamiltonian ½(P*2 + m*2). The integral diverges at τ = 0, and the divergence is actually more severe than it looks because of the momentum integration that is part of the trace.

Going to string theory means replacing the classical one-loop diagram with its stringy counterpart, which is a torus (figure 5b). Nineteenth-century mathematicians showed that every torus is conformally equivalent to a parallelogram in the plane with opposite sides identified:

Figure

But to explain the idea without any extraneous technicalities, we will consider, instead of parallelograms, only rectangles:

Figure

We label the height and base of the rectangle as s and s′, respectively.

Only the ratio u = s’/s is conformally invariant. Also, since what we call the “height” as opposed to the “base” of a rectangle is arbitrary, we are free to exchange s and s′, which corresponds to u ↔ 1/u. So we can restrict ourselves to s′ ≥ s, and thus the range of u is 1 ≤ u < ∞.

The proper-time parameter τ of the particle corresponds to u in string theory, with the key difference being that for the particle, 0 ≤ τ < ∞, but for the string, 1 ≤ u < ∞. So in the approximation of considering only rectangles and not parallelograms, the one-loop cosmological constant in stringtheory is

Λ1=1/2∫*∞**1t d**u/u0Trexp(−uH)....(equation no 23)

There is no ultraviolet divergence, because the lower limit on the integral is 1 instead of 0. A more complete analysis with parallelograms shifts the lower bound on u from 1 to √3/2.

We have described a special case, but the conclusion is general. The stringy formulas generalize the field theory formulas, but without the region that can give ultraviolet divergences in field theory. The infrared region (τ → ∞ or u → ∞) lines up properly between field theory and string theory, and that is why a string theory can imitate field theory in its predictions for behavior at low energies or long times and distances.

Emergent spacetime

Our next attempt here will be to explain, in what sense spacetime emerges from something deeper if string theory is correct. Let us focus on the following fact. The spacetime M with its metric tensor GIJ(X) was encoded as the data that enabled us to define one particular 2D conformal field theory.That is the only way that spacetime entered the story.

In our equations, we could have used a different 2D conformal field theory. Now if GIJ(X) is slowly varying (the radius of curvature is everywhere large), the Lagrangian by which we described the 2D conformal field theory is weakly coupled and useful. In that case, string theory matches the ordinary physics that we are familiar with. In this situation, we can say that the theory has a semiclassical interpretation in terms of strings in spacetime—and it will reduce at low energies to an interpretation in terms of particles and fields in spacetime.

When we get away from a semiclassical, weak-coupling limit, the Lagrangian is not so useful and the theory does not have any particular interpretation in terms of strings in spacetime. The  breakdown of a simple spacetime interpretation has many nonclassical consequences, such as the ability to make continuous transitions from one spacetime  to another, or the fact that certain types of singularities (but not black hole singularities) inclassical general relativity turn out to represent perfectly smooth and harmless situations in string theory. An example of the nonclassical behavior of string theory is sketched in figure 6.

figure

[Figure 6. Schematic representation of a family of two-dimensional conformal field theories (the gray region bounded by black lines) that depend on two parameters. For some values of the parameters, the theories have semiclassical interpretations in terms of strings propagating in a spacetime M1, M2, or M3. Generically there is no such interpretation yet present in string theory. However, one can make a continuous transition from one possible classical spacetime to another, as indicated by the colored lines.]

In general, string theory comes with no particular spacetime interpretation, but such an interpretation can emerge in a suitable limit, somewhat as classical mechanics sometimes arises as a limit of quantum mechanics. From this point of view, spacetime emerges from a seemingly more fundamental concept of 2D conformal field theory.

Wechave not given a complete explanation of the sense in which, in the context of string theory,  how spacetime emerges from something deeper. A completely different side of the story, beyond the scope of the present article, involves quantum mechanics and the duality between gauge theory and gravity. (See the article by Igor Klebanov and Juan Maldacena, Physics Today, January 2009, page 28.) However, what we have described in this article is certainly one important and relatively well-understood piece of the puzzle. It is at least a partial insight about how spacetime as conceived by Einstein can emerge from something deeper, and thus hopefully is of interest in the present centennial year of general relativity.

figure

References 

13.    B. Zwiebach, A First Course in String Theory, 2nd ed., Cambridge U. Press (2009). 

14.    J. Polchinski, String Theory, Volume 1: An Introduction to the Bosonic String, Cambridge U. Press (2005). 

15    M. B. Green, J. S. Schwarz, E. Witten, Superstring Theory, Volume 1: Introduction, Cambridge U. Press (1987).

16=Highlighting the usefulness of string theory

17 String Theory and M-Theory: A Modern Introduction

18 String Theory and Particle Physics: An Introduction to String Phenomenology

Is string theory phenomenologically viable?

 Title -: The first generation of stars formation at Redshift Z=0 and when did they lit up the dark matter? 

Authors 

Rupak Bhattacharya 1 ,Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya 2, Upasana Bhattacharya 3, Ritwik Bhattacharya 4, Aiyshi Mukherjee 5, Rupsha Bhattacharya 6, Debasish Mukherjee 7 , Dalia Mukherjee  8, Hindol Banerjee 9 

Corresponding author

Prof Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya 

E-mail: profpkb@yahoo.co.in

Mobile no and whatsapp no 9231510435

1 Theoretical Physicist, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, 24 Parganas, North Kolkata -110, West Bengal, India

2 Former Professor & Head of Pathology in  West Bengal Medical Education Services, Govt of West Bengal, India & ex Principal of a Medical College under PPP Model at Chakdaha, District -Nadia, West Bengal 

3 Student, school of Design, Department of Fashion Design, UPES University,  Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India

4 Graduated from, Department of Commerce, Calcutta University, 

Kolkata, West Bengal, India

5 Student, Department of Biotechnology, Kalyani University, West Bengal, India

6 Student, Department of Journalism & Mass Communication, West Bengal State University, Barasat, West Bengal, India

7 Graduated, from Department of Science , Calcutta University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

8 School Teacher, Department of Arts, Calcutta University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

9 Service Man, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 

24 Parganas West Bengal, India

Acknowledgement -:

All authors of this article gratefully acknowledges contributions of following persons to bring them up  and educating them about the" Origin and fate of this Universe, Multi Universe theory,  Possibility of Extraterrestrial Intelligent civilization, Panspermia theory  and about exoplanets"  like our late parents, late Mr. Bholanath Bhattacharya (1926-2009) B.Com ( honours in accountancy;  University of Calcutta) ; FCA ( intermediate );SAS  and late Mrs. Bani  Bhattacharya (1935-2006) of their  residence  at 7/51 Purbapalli, Post Office -: Sodepur, District 24 Parganas (North ) ; Kolkata -110, West Bengal ,India and also to  below mentioned uncles and aunts   late Mr. Ajit Kumar Chakraborty, late Mrs Sudharani Chakraborty, late Mr Abani Kumar Chakraborty , late Mrs Rebeka Chakraborty , late Dr Asit  Kumar Chakraborty, Mr. Binay Chakraborty, Mrs Aparna Chakraborty ,Prof .Dr . Monoj Bhattacharya, late Prof. Dr. Krishna Bhattacharya , late Mr. Nakul Chandra Bhattacharya  and specially to Late Mrs Sialabala Chakrabortyn of Mahajati Nagar  Agarpara, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India 

Corresponding author -: Professor Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD ( University of Calcutta ); FICPath;  WBMES (Retired)

Email-:  profpkb@yahoo.co.in 

 mobile phone number and whatsapp -: +91 9231510435

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Abstracts

Our home is our own  life igalaxy, the "Milky 

Way " which consists of trillions and trillions numbers of stars . One of the middle aged, yellow stars is our sun . 400 billions of stars moving with a very complex and orderly grace in our spiral galaxy the Milky Way. In all galaxies there are perhaps as many as many planets as stars i.e 10 11  x 1011 =1022 ,10 billion trillions planets .Some stars are solitary ( though in a binary star formation system) like our sun and most of the stars have their own companions. Systems of stars  are commonly seen double, i.e  two stars are orbiting one another. Some stars are so close that they touch each other and star staff flow  beneath them .Most stars are however separated from one another by vast spacetime. Stars are born and they die too.   Some stars went into novas and or in supernovas and are as bright as the entire galaxy that contains them. Some stars end them  in blackholes and are invisible even from a few  hundred kilometres away . Some stars  are in triple star systems, some are in binary star systems. Some stars are blue hot and very young. Some stars are  yellow stars. Yellow stars are conventionally middle aged, while red ( red giants ) stars are elderly or dyeing stars. Some stars are in white dwarfs and they are in the final stage of death. Our '' sun " is a second generation star of a binary star formation process, produced by collapse of gases, Interstellar clouds within the  framework of spiral pattern, a gaseous cloud which contains material required for nuclear furnaces,appearing inside the star. Stars are formed of giant interstellar mass, molecular clouds, containing trillions and trillions tons of gaseous hydrogen and deuterium ions as they collapse under gravity. Now in the dense clouds containing perhaps ten thousands millions (1010) atoms per cubic centimetre- that represent a much more dense collection of material , rather than gaseous material in stars , how are they converted into bright stars?  How the stars were formed in the nebula or in  galaxies of the universe?  Stars formation is an astronomical puzzle that involves pure  poor understanding of how interstellar giant molecular clouds( CDM+HDM) turned into the stars ! stars are formed from protostellar condensation in the star forming regions like Nebulas.

Key words 

Age of the universe, Red shift, Hubble constant , cepheids, super cooled stage of universe, voids , COBE,

The age of the universe and Hubble constant -: The universe started at 20 x 1010  (that is 20,000,00 million years) ago but there is still uncertainty about the age of the universe according to the present authors. Determination of hydrogen molecules suggest that H~50km/s~1 MPC OH-2 =20M102 years universe , while age of old galactic clusters NGC is 10M x 102  

 years and the age of elements obtained  from the active isotopes were more than ~10M x102 years . The Friedmann and the Le-Maitre models of the universe tell us that the universe however has a finite age and it must be either expanding or contracting or simulteniously  in both expansion and contraction i.e in the Big Bounce( Ref 1)  . This observation that the galaxies are in redshift having special features of shifted to red wavelength in an apparent Doppler recession strongly supports the expanding universe model now.  Confidence in the Friedmann Le -Maitre model was strengthening further when Edwin Hubble discovered the near relation between redshift and distances in galaxies in 1929.  Hubble discovered a cosmological constant and this constant H(0) is popularly is known as Hubble constant, which is usually expressed in terms of kilometres per second per mega per second I.e 50 km/ S/MPC.The Hubble parameter  is defined as H(t) =1/R (t) xdR (t)/dt , whereR(t)  is the scale factor of the universe.  Hubble constant in the current value of that  parameter and is defined as H(0)= H(Now ) = velocity/ distance and is estimated by measuring the velocity and distance of extragalactic objects. Hubble is perhaps the most important parameter in cosmology because it not only provides us the physical scale of the universe which affects the observed absolute wise, dynamical mass and luminosity of extragalactic objects but it also provides us with an approximate estimated age of the universe.The Hubble  constant has the unit of inverse time. An estimate of the age of the universe, is the hubble time 1/ H0 . This is the  approximate age at a nearly empty Universe one, where expansion had not significantly been solved by its mass energy content. A new model of the universe  called the Ω=1 model, where Ω is the ratio of the universe's mass energy density to the critical value required for binding. In the Friedmann model, the expansion rate of the universe approach is zero,  as time approaches to infinity and the current age of the universe is then  (2/3 ) H0-1 then age=1/H0[1-2q0)+1-q0(1-2q0)-3/2σσ=h-1(1/q0-1) where the deceleration parameter q0 is (½) Ω the ratio if you of universe mean mass density to the closer density  ( referenceBhattacharya Rupak and Bhattacharya Pranab Kumar unpublished ). The age of the universe when M0 is of 50kmxS-1MPC-2 gives the age of  the universe near 20 billion years while an H0 of 10035km S-1MPC-1  in an empty  universe  corresponds to an age of 13.8 billion years. 

Virgo Cepheids -:

But the cepheid variables are the bright stars whose brightness varies  periodically  on a time scale between one and hundreds days . The period of cepheid is very tightly correlated with its brightness. So they are excellent indicators of the distance of the expanding universe and also the age of the universe and are figured  permanently in the extragalactic distance scale. Cepheid first gave us the idea of  other galaxies  lying outside our Milky Way.  Virgo cepheid or Virgo galaxy clusters are so far away , as far as the most  distant previously measured cepheids. They are now measured by the Hubble space telescope. New example of Virgo cepheids H0=87+-7kms-1 MPC-1 ..The galaxy there NGC4571 is in the core of Virgo clusters Galaxy. Again H0~=87+-7kms-1MPC as short value and  long value H0= 50 kmxS-1MPC-1 will after the age of the universe for 20 billions years to 11.2+-0.9 billions years and 7.3+- billion years for Ω=0 model and  Ω=1 model respectively. The absence of accelerating force for the age of the universe is less than 1/H0 and in  standard Big Bang model as 2/3x1/H0 or 7x109 years. In contrast some stars are thought to be 8x109 years old. So here starts the crisis regarding the age of the universe. In the Friedmann  universe model  Freidmann et al calculated H0~=80 +-17kms-1MPC-1 implying that the age of the universe is 9X109 years. In that case,  identifying 20 cepheid variables in M100 is a beautiful spiral galaxy in Virgo. However if we are ready to accept the theory that the age of the universe is estimated from the cosmological model based on the Hubble constant  as per this model, the age of the universe will be then  13.7+-2GYR I.e 13.8 billions years . 

Big Bang ,Supercooled stage, GUT, Vacuum, cold and hot Dark Matter-: 

Though  a Big Bang like event happened in the early universe ,the universe  spent  a period of time in the early phase (1S planck's time)  in a super cooled stage (about 400,000  years after the Big Bang ,that the cosmos had cooled sufficiently for protons and electrons to recombine into atoms ). In the super cooled stage  its density (3K) was then dominated  by large positive constant  vacuum energy and false vacuum.The supercooled stage was then followed by the appearance of multiple bubbles inflation. The temperature variations occured  in 3K cosmological background imprinted some 10-35 second pre inflationary  stage and Grand Unified Theory ( GUT) happened there with generation of trillions and trillions degree of temperature.  As per old inflationary theory of the Big Bang, there appeared multiple bubbles of true vacuum and inflation blew  up a small causally connected region of the universe that was something much like the observable universe of today. This actually preceded large scale cosmological homogeneity and were reduced to an exponentially small number the present density of any magnetic monopoles, that according to many particle physicists GUTs would have been produced in the pre inflationary phase. In the old inflationary theory the universe must be homogeneous in all its directions and was isotropic. In old inflation theory  the super cooled stage was married by the appearance bubbles of the true vacuum, the broken symmetry of ground state . The model of old inflation theory however was later on abundant, because the exponential expansion of any supercooled state always prevented the bubbles from marching and complicated the phase transition. Moreover In true sense, the universe is not totally  homogeneous but on a small scale non homogeneous too. It is very much a well known fact  that the universe contains a critical density of matter (3K)  and infinite space time. The matter was  mostly  baryonic and Mixed Dark Matter ( MDM) . Through COBE  satellite studies  we know  that the early universe was a mixture of Cold Dark Matter and Hot Dark Matter, which is known all together as Mixed Dark Matter (MDM). Most Redshift  surveys had been either shallow ( Z =< 0.03 ), and three dimensional surveys of a few thousands of  galaxies covering a large angle or somewhat deeper (Z > 0.05).

How first generation galaxy and  stars formed at redshift zero-:

 So arguments still persist about the mechanism by which first galaxies and first  generation stars were formed in the early universe. The essence of the problem is that while galaxies were on average, were uniformly distributed throughout the volume of the universe as it should be in the inflationary "Big Bang model "  the observed distribution of both optically visible and radio galaxies on the sky were not  at all uniform. But they were very patchy . Does this clumsiness represent  that distribution of matter at some primaeval  stage in the evolution of the universe or there has been some time of gravitational process? . Jerhimia Ostriker and Lennox Cowie  (Ref no 2 ) had  suggested that the present distribution of galaxies is in the relic  of a dynamic process, in which  outward propagating shock waves created an earlier generation of galaxies. Created galaxies at some place were of high density on the shock front. But the problem of their theory to present authors are  that the empirical rule which says the  chance finding of a second galaxy within same value unit at a distance of "S" is proportional to an inverse power of "S" which simply means that there is a greater chance that galaxies will be close together than it is far apart. Secondly the distribution of galaxies in the universe may have a fractional three – dimensional structures. The most spectacular of large voids  in three dimensions of galaxies is BOTES VOID - a region  at least 50 MPS in diameter that contains no luminous galaxies. A survey  of large scale galaxy distributions reveals that the" Large voids were not the exceptions, but the rules. The survey was the systematic collection of red shifts  of all galaxies of apparent magnitude brightness than 15.5 in a region measuring 6 degrees by 12 degrees in the sky. The Red shifts via the'' Hubble laws `` provide us a three dimensional map of galaxy distributions in a limited volume of the universe. Inspection of the map of the galaxy revealed  a striking results -  large apparently empty ,quase spherical voids  dominated  space time and galaxies are crammed into  the thin sheet and ridges in between hole ( ref no 3 Joseph Sick ) and Joseph Sick discussed in his article, that galaxies  were distributed in a thin slice of universe to 150 MPC. The redshift measurement of galaxies  however revealed  a foamy and clustered distribution of galaxies in the early universe. Most of them were lying on a sheet , surrounding large almost empty holes up to 50 MPC. According to Ostriker and Cowie, an explosion initiated by many supernovas in a newly formed galaxy drove a blast wave, which propagated outward shock waves and swept away a spherical shell of ambient gas . A hole was thus evacuated and an unstable compressed shell fragmented to form many more galaxies. These in turn  developed blast waves and a series of bubbles developed that filled most of the spaces with galaxies ( reference no 4 Jehemia Ostriker and Lennox Cowie ) and published independently by Satron Takeuchi  ( reference no5 ). 

But problems  of this hypothesis to present authors are *1) possibility of the mechanism itself-: supernovas  exploded and cleared out holes that are tens or in rare cases hundreds of processors?  and **2)  Did this phenomenon really work out on the scale of MPC?*** 3) Billions of supernovas were presumed  to be exploded coherently  over the crossing time of galaxy of about 109 years to yield a vast explosions**** 4  ) Next is the missing  ingredient which is gravity. Density fluctuations were present at the beginning of the time in the earliest instant of the "Big Bang gospel " and gravity amplified  the fluctuations into a large-scale structure of the universe. Most cosmologists believe today that galaxies originated in this manner ,rather than explosive amplification of primordial seeds which themselves must be attributed into initial conditions.

 A "giant hole" in the universe had been discovered by astronomers from Minnesota in 2009 January. Investigating an area of the sky known as the WMAF cold spot,  Lawrence Rudnick  and his colleagues found a void empty of stars  gas and even dark matter. As AF's  widely circulated report notes, the hole is big : an" expense of nearly 6 billions trillions miles of emptiness "astronomers  have long known that there are big voids in the universe,and think they can explain them with their theories as to how large structures first formed ( reference no 6 Daniel Cressey) .

Galactic Disks of spiral galaxies consist of Dark matter, COBE study 

 Our galaxy ,the Milky Way, also contains disks of "Dark matter".Dark matter is always invisible but its presence can be inferred through its gravitational influence on its surroundings. Dark matter particles are neutral, it does not couple directly to the electromagnetic field and hence annihilation straight into two monochromatic photons ( or a Photon and a Z boson) are  typically strongly suppressed, (y)Gamma rays can be a significant by product of Dark matter annihilation )  since they can rises either from the decay of neutral pions produced in the hydronization of the annihilation products or through Internal bremsstrahlung associated into charged particles,with annihilation into charged particles, interactions of energetic leptons. In  the Massimiliano   Lattazi  and Joseph  Silk model of 2009 ( Ref no 7) the annihilation results in two neutral Z Bosons or a pair of W+ and W- Bosons, and the dominant source of y ( Gamma) rays is pion decay . From =~4.5TeV, every annihilation results in 26 photons with energy between 200 and 300 Gev. Physicists today believe that dark matter makes 22% of the mass of the universe ( compared with 4%of normal matter and 74% comprising the supermassive ,"Dark energy" ) . But, despite its pervasive influences,  even today no one is sure of what  the dark matter consists of. It was thought that matter forms in roughly spherical lumps called halols, one of which envelopes the MilkyWay  and other spiral galaxies. Stars and gas are thought to have settled into disks very early on, in the life of the universe and this affected how smaller dark matter halos formed. Such a theory suggests that most lumps of dark matter in our locality actually merged to form a halo around the Milky way. But the largest lumps were preferentially dragged towards the galaxy's disk and were then torn apart,  creating a dicks of matter within the galaxy. The presence of unseen haloes of dark matter had long been inferred from the high  rotation speed of gas and stars in the outer part of spiral galaxies. The volume of density of these dark matter decreases less quickly from the galaxy centre than does heat luminous mass such as that in stars meaning that that matter dominates the mass from the centre of galaxies .A spiral galaxy is composed of thin disk of  young stars called population T stars whose local surface brightness falls below exponentially with cylindrical distances from galactic centres and with height above galactic plane. 

Biassing hypothesis , Density fluctuations, COBE-:

The concept of biassing the formation of large scale structure of universe was first introduced by Nick Kesar in journal of astrophysics ( Reference no 8 Peacock JA , Heavens AF Monday And Reference no  9  Barden J Bond jr, kaiser Nick Essalay ). Galaxies were presumed  only to form in the rare peaks of initial Gaussian distribution of density fluctuations. The average Density of  the universe is roughly 10-31gcm-3 which  is less than the critical density (K) of the present universe 9×10-27 kg m-3. ( The matter  of which  universe is made of 42.3% is CDM matter and 73% is Dark energy). Density fluctuations peaks that  occurred in potential large scale structure acquired with a slight boost that enabled galaxies to form. The biassing hypothesis enhanced the large scale structure that developed as gravitational forces amplified the initial fluctuations. Biasing  hypothesis enabled stimulation of a universe containing" Cold  Dark Matter '' at the critical density, with observational determination of density perturbation of the universe. Density fluctuation was present at the beginning of time, in the earliest instances of the Big Bang  and gravity amplified the fluctuations into the large scale structure of the universe. The voids were not really voids  but contained matter that had somehow failed to become luminous. Dark matter was more uniformly distributed than luminous matter and does not respond to most astronomical tests. The universe is now populated with a non luminous component of matter ( Dark matter ) made of weakly interacting massive particles which cluster in galactic scale and are designated ….. The Dark matter  was weakly interacting  and was  clustered in all scales( and hence labelled as cold ). It selectively  formed galaxies at an early epoch  in the rare density peaks. The cosmic background explorer study announced on 18th November 1990 that COBE had used  its helium  cooled detectors to make stunningly accurate measurements of the Big Bang afterglow. The COBE study was based on microwave background radiation that bathed every object of the universe with a cool wash of photon 2.7K .COBE  study conferred that the Big Bang was a remarkably smooth and homogeneous event. The COBE study consistently pegged its temperature at about 2.7 K what  was predicted by the standard model which holds that radiation was emitted  by cosmic fireball just a few hundred after the big bang moment  itself  and cooling  of ever since then. George Smoot ( 2006 Nobel laureate in physics) and his colleagues of Barkley University used differential microwaves radiometer to look for anisotropic variations in the brightness of radiation from point to point in the sky

 They presumably correspond to the density variation  in the cosmic plasma shortly after the big bang and these variations  are in turn presumably the clumps of matter that contracted by gravity to form the galaxies . The problem was that anisotropic if they existed at all,were so weak that it was hard to see now  that how they had contracted into much of galaxies  Any clump that was going to form a galaxy needs to be heavy enough to fight the cosmic expansion which tends to pull the material apart almost as fast as gravity can pull it together. COBE showed no anisotropy at all to an accuracy  of one part in 104 to 105 and it was dark matter. The dark matter consisted of some kind of massive but weakly interacting elementary particles produced in the Big Bang. The cosmic background explorer satellite study was undertaken by the leadership of George Smoot and he considered the Big Bang seriously. Microwave background study also provided that Big Bang COBE study had spotted millionth of a degree variations in the temperature of microwave left over from Big Bang traces of the early universe . Images of Big Bang,provide the earliest snapshots of the cosmos from when it was only about 4000,0000 years old only. The model of MDM  of the universe is consistent with homogeneous inflation theory  and large scale density fluctuations and galaxy distribution that happened in the early universe. It was Merry Gelman who first described the nature of the earliest particles in the universe.  According to him it was quarks particles in Quantum theory. Actually speaking, the quest  for the early universe had provided the particle physicists  with development of an unrivalled accelerator of high energy particles in the Geneva LHC. The Grand unified theory ( GUT) based on gauge  symmetry says that protons (the nucleon) should decay with half life of at most 1031 years. But while isolating the rarest events due to spontaneous decaying of protons ,extensive shielding from atmospheric muons  produced by cosmic rays showers were also regarded and primary results once were supported at Geneva, Switzerland , at LHC . This experiment was carried out   provided in the deep underground Kolar Goldfield,kamoka. This experiment provided us with the most sensitive limit so far that the half life of protons is 1.5x1032 years. This half life of protons is close to the age of the elements obtained from radioactive isotopes ~10x1032 years. This experiments had great  implications to astrophysicists  in that 1) possible explanation of ratio of proton to photon in the Universe.Since the photons now seen in 3K background radiation, are the remnants of equal numbers of particles and antiparticles created during thermal equilibrium of first instances of the universe. These particles were Merry Gelman's  quark particles and its anti-particles were anti quarks . Today's observed protons ( matter) represent  an excess of matter after antimatter . This is the asymmetry in the universe. This asymmetry probably had arisen naturally after 10-35 second of initial Big Bang.However Madsen and Mark Tailor gave the concept of another particle in the primordial  universe (Reference no 10=Gerard Jungmank) .The name of their particles  is neutrinos.There are broadly three types of species of neutrinos 1) Electron neutrinos 2) Muon neutrinos 3) tat neutrinos ,when professor Peter Higgs( Nobel laureate in physics)  gave concept of another near zero mass ( but not exactly zero mass particle ) in primordial universe the particles named after him "The Higgs particles '' which is concluded and recognized particles that gave mass to all particles in the universe and Higgs particles are many but not a single particle . To start the universe  ie before the nucleosynthesis there must be some particles with zero rest mass , which may be either neutrinos or may be one of  Higgs particles or some others particles (not yet discovered in accelerator ) like Rupak particles ( r particles)  or spinors or gravitons that gave dark energy which constitute 73% of the mass of universe. According to Maiden and Tailor the dark matter of which the universe consisted of were the  neutrinos and not the quarks .Neutrinos are constantly born during the process of nuclear fusions  within every star in the galaxy  like it is produced in every second in  our sun. In fusion, protons (the nucleus from the simplest element, hydrogen) fuse together to form a heavier element, helium. This fusion process releases neutrinos and energy that will eventually reach our Earth as light and heat. The sun is the source of most of the neutrinos that are passing through any body though any things through any planets  at any moment. About 100 billion solar neutrinos pass through your thumbnail in every second .All of the neutrinos produced in the sun are electron neutrinos. An interesting thing happened when scientists started looking for those electron neutrinos in the 1960s.  They started an experiment led by Ray Davis Jr. His  experiment used 100,000 gallons of dry perchloroethylene to search for neutrinos. It was housed a mile underground in the caverns of the Homestake Gold Mine in South Dakota, which was then an active mine and is now used for science experiments, including further neutrino research in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment. Davis’s scientific partner, John Bahcall, had predicted how many neutrinos should arrive from the sun and transform one of the chlorine atoms in the detector into an argon atom. But only one third of the neutrinos seemed to arrive. Researchers weren’t sure if the problem was in Davis’s experiment, Bahcall’s calculations and the current model of the sun, or their picture of neutrinos. Some scientists, including Bruno Pontecorvo, proposed that the neutrino experiment model itself  was the error, but many were sceptical. In 1989, the Kamiokande experiment in Japan added to the confusion. The pure water detector found more neutrinos than Davis’s experiment, about half of the predicted number. But there was still the question of all those missing neutrinos. The GALLEX experiment in Italy and SAGE experiment in Russia also found that expected low-energy neutrinos were missing. As measurements of the sun improved and the solar model was validated, researchers looked more and more to new physics beyond the Standard Model to explain the neutrino deficit. The breakthrough came with data from two newer experiments. Super-Kamiokande, an improved version of the Kamiokande experiment, began observations in 1996, and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Canada joined in 1999. Leaders of these two projects would go on to receive the 2015 Nobel Prize in physics for discovering the solution to the solar neutrino problem: neutrino oscillations. Roughly two-thirds of the electron neutrinos coming from the sun were changing their flavour as they travelled, arriving as muon or tau neutrinos.Evidence that neutrinos changed type also proved that they have mass, a shocking discovery.  Only about one third to one half of the predicted number of neutrinos actually showed up in detectors. This became known as the solar neutrino problem, and it took nearly four decades to solve it.

How did the cosmic Dark age end and when did the first star light up in a few hundred millions years ,after the BigBang?

 According to the standard model of the Big Bang, stars formation in the early universe was very different from the present now.  Stars today form in the giant  clouds of  molecular gas and dust embedded in the disks of large galaxies  like our Milky Way or in the dust of nebulas . In the Milky Ways some of  these regions are corona Australis clouds, Taras molecular clouds, Orion nebula , Vela ,molecular ridge, Cygnus x, NGC 6334 and 6357, Eagle Nebula, carina nebula,W40, Rcw 36, w43,W49, M17 molecular clouds and extragalactic 30 Doradus regions .

Whereas the first star evolved inside the Mini Hole that aggregated of primordial gas and dark matter with a total mass of millions of  our suns.  The very first stars might have appeared when the Universe was only 100 million years old, or less than 1 percent of its current age . All the stars in the universe, we can observe now, can be classified as either Population I or Population II, stars depending on their age and composition in it . Population I stars are younger stars and they contain more heavy elements, while Population II stars are older stars with fewer heavy elements. All of the very first stars that appeared first in the universe to light up the universe from darkness are described as Population III stars and these stars  are older still, their existence coinciding with cosmic distances that put them well out of sight of even with help of  our best technologies so far. For them  now, we can only theorise what they might have looked like.  Theoretical physicists think those most  earliest stars were super hot, brightest, and massive, may be hundreds of times the mass of our Sun, that we told .Without any clue or  history of powerful cosmic in the beginning events of formation of first stars  to generate elements heavier than lithium, Population III stars would consist entirely of the simplest of gases. Back then, the only materials available in the Universe were hydrogen, helium, and a little lithium, found in primordial gas left over from the Big Bang. Only once the first stars themselves collapsed in heated violence ,could heavier elements emerge?.Those first stars likely concluded their lives with pair-instability supernovae, -a theoretical type of super-supernova only possible in such massive stars. Unlike other supernovae, this would leave behind no stellar remnants, like a neutron star or a black hole, instead blasting everything outward in an ever-expanding cloud. That blast might have seeded ancient interstellar space with the heavy elements needed for the formation of rocky worlds like our own planet — thus enabling life as we know it — so the net effect is positive . For astronomers on the earth now hoping to learn about Population III stars, however, the light from those ancient mega-explosions has faded into the distance, leaving little more than a diffuse cloud containing a complex mixture of elements. Given time, that mixture of material could itself collapse into something new  star . Using near-infrared spectrography data from one of the most distant-known quasars — a type of active galactic nucleus, or the extremely luminous centre of a young galaxy.This quasar's light had been travelling through space for 13.1 billion years before it reaches the Earth, the researchers noted, which means we're seeing the quasar as it looked when the Universe was only 700 million years old. A spectrograph is an instrument that captures and splits incoming light, in this case from a celestial object, into its component wavelengths. This can reveal which elements are present in a far away object, although gleaning that information isn't always easy.The brightness of lines in astronomical spectra can hinge on factors other than the abundance of an element, which may complicate one's efforts to identify specific elements.Analysing  the composition of clouds around most distant quasars  revealed a strangely low ratio of magnesium to iron in the clouds, which had 10 times more iron than magnesium compared with our Sun. That was a clue, the researchers say, suggesting this was material from the cataclysmic explosion of a first-generation star.It was obvious to us authors then  that the supernova candidate for this would be a pair-instability supernova of a Population III star, in which the entire star explodes without leaving any remnant behind,So the first stars that lit up the universe were in most distant quasars

These first stars are quasars, a populationIII stars.  Since then, the rapid expansion of space has stretched their light into oblivion, leaving us to seek clues about their existence in cosmic sources closer to home . Another difference arises for the initial absence of  elements of lithium in enough quantity, other than hydrogen and helium that were synthesised in the Big Bang. Gas clouds  today are efficiently via radiation emitted by atoms , molecules,or dust grains that contain heavy elements. Because the primordial gas lacked those contain it remained comparatively hot. For gravity to overcome the higher thermal pressure, the mass of all first stars must have been larger as well . The emergence of the first stars in  quasars fundamentallychanged the early universe at the end of the cosmic dark age.  Owing to high masses these stars were copious. They also produced many ultraviolet photons that were energetic enough to ionise hydrogen, the most abundant elements in the universe. Thus began  the extension process re- re-ionisation  which transformed the universe from the completely cooled and dark material state into fully ionised medium. Observation  of CMB  due to scattering of CMB photons  of free electrons, phase constraints,  in the onset of  re ionisation . How the first stars  were formed and how they affected the evolution of the cosmos assumes that  dark matter is made of  WIMP - yet undetected because they interact with normal matter only via gravity with weak nuclear interactions (Unlike normal matter, dark matter does not interact with the electromagnetic force. This means it does not absorb, reflect or emit light, making it extremely hard to spot. In fact, researchers have been able to infer the existence of dark matter only from the gravitational effect it seems to have on visible matter. Dark matter seems to outweigh visible matter roughly six to one, making up about 27% of the universe..) 

A possible  may be non baryonic dark matter  is a  WIMP candidate is the neutrinos particles,the lightest superpartner in mass supersymmetry theory but not the zero rest mass particles. Super symmetry postulated that for every known particle there must be a super partner thus effectively doubling the mass of the elementary particles .Most of the super particles that were produced after the Big Bang ( including  sub quark 2 Rupak Particles ) were unstable and decayed . The neutrinos are expected to be rather massive having roughly the mass of hundreds of protons so they are a part of the cosmos.

There are three prominent hypotheses on non baryonic dark matter, called Hot Dark Matter (HDM), Warm Dark Matter (WDM), and Cold Dark Matter (CDM) and Mixed Dark matter ( MDM) ; some combination of these is also possible in MDM . The most widely discussed models for non baryonic dark matter are based on the Cold Dark Matter hypothesis, and the corresponding particle is most commonly assumed to be a neutralino. Hot dark matter might consist of (massive) neutrinos. Cold dark matter leads to a "bottom-up" formation of structure in the universe while hot dark matter results in a "top-down" formation scenario.

Most of the matter in the universe did not interact then with light except gravitationally .These dark matters assumed to be very intensively cold ,that is its velocity dispersion was sufficiently small for density perturbation imprinted in the early universe to persist in a very small scale. Dark matter  has yet to be detected in the human laboratories.However there might exist some variable dark matter  candidates from particle physics that were not cold and they may be termed as Warm Dark matter ( WDM) as per these authors.  Warm dark matter particles had intensive thermal velocities and there motion quenched the growth of structure bellow a "Free streaming scale"(The distances over which a typical WDM particles travel),which depends on the nature of the particle, because  small and dark haloes do not form better than free streaming scale. The dark matter haloes that formed the first quasars  in a WDM model had far less substructures and we're less concentrated as compared to the cold dark matter( CDM) counterparts। 

The first generation stars in the universe formed when the primordial gas compressed  by falling into these small Dark matter potential walls. Large scale partners in the spectrum of density perturbation  causes progenitors of present  day clusters of galaxies to be among the first objects to condense out of initially almost smooth  mass distribution

Liang Gao and  Tom Theuns [ Reference no 11  Liang Gao]  did studied the early star formation  in the redshift z=0 and they concluded that pristine gas heated and falls into dark matter potential well (halos)cooled radiatively because of formation of molecular hydrogen and became self gravitating . They told another important particles  called  Gravitinos a popular WDM  candidate with mass M 0<6×10−32 eV/c2 and spin 2 a  free streaming particle of fewv+- EVs of kelopersec  and first star at Redshift z~200 and the growth structure re stimulation in the led to a pattern of  filaments  and sheets  which is familiar from the local large scale distribution of galaxies. The assumed  Gaussian spectrum of  density perturbation appropriate for an inflationary model led to collapse along one( sheet ) and two ( filaments) direction before formation  of haloes. Altogether the large scale filamentary  pattern is very similar in CDM  and WDM. These structures of filaments themselves were very different. The CDM  filaments fragmented later into numerous nearly spherical  high density regions ( haloes) and WDM filaments  fragmented at redshift z=23.34, when universe  was 140 millions years old .Gas and dark matter accredited perpendicular to filament axis. Dark matter particles falling into filaments performed damped oscillation as the potential well deepened. Baryons did not undergo orbit but gas compressed  to a temperature T~70000k  at ty 20PC. Rapid build up of HE induced cooling and gas started to dominate the density in population III stars. 

Conclusion 

Sothe first stars in the universe were formed in quasars , when primordial  chemically pristine gas heated up in the form of WDM  as it fell into dark-matter potential wells, cooled  radiatively because of the formation of molecular hydrogen, and became self-gravitating. Using supercomputer simulations, it was found by us that the first stars' properties also depended critically on the currently unknown nature of the dark matter. If the dark-matter particles have intrinsic velocities that wipe out small-scale structure, then the first stars formed  in filaments with lengths on the order of the free-streaming scale, which can be ∼1020 metres (∼3 kiloparsecs, corresponding to a baryonic mass of ∼107 solar masses) for realistic “warm dark matter” candidates. Fragmentation of the filaments forms stars with a range of masses, which may explain the observed peculiar element abundance pattern of extremely metal-poor stars, whereas coalescence of fragments and stars during the filament's ultimate collapsed may seed the supermassive black holes that lurk in the centres of most massive galaxies.

References

1)

Rupak Bhattacharya, Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, Upasana Bhattacharya, Ritwik Bhattacharya, Aiyshi Mukherjee, Rupsha Bhattacharya, Debasish Mukherjee, Dalia Mukherjee, Hindol Banerjee "What if the "Big Bang" was not the Beginning Point of our Observable Universe?"Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology (RRJoSST) vol 10; no 3; page 1-7  ; 2021 

https://sciencejournals.stmjournals.in/index.php/RRJoSST/article/view/3335

2)

Jerhimia Ostriker and Lennox Cowie in the journal Astrophysics  volume 243 page 127 ,1981

3)

Joseph Sick Nature vol 320 page 12, 1986

4)

Jehemia Ostriker and Lennox Cowie Astrophysics journal letter vol 243,p127,1981

5) Satron Takeuchi, Astronomical society of Japan vol 33 P 211,1981

6) Daniel Cressey " plenty of nothing August 24,2007 The Great Beyond Nature.com  http:/blogs.nature.com/cgi-bin/mt-tb.cgi/3329 

7)  Massimillano   Lattazi  and Joseph  Silk "Can the WIMP annihilation boost factor be boosted by the Sommerfeld enhancement"  arXiv:0812.0360 (astro-ph))

8) Peacock JA and Heavens AF Monday Nottingham Royal Astronomical society Vol 217 P 505 1965 

9 )  Barden J Bond jr, kaiser Nick Essalay journal of astrophysics

10)Gerard Jungman at "Neutrinos From Particle Decay in the Sun and Earth" Phys.Rev.D51:328-340,1995

11) Liang Gao , Tom thens Lighting the Universe with Filaments SCIENCE 14 Sep 2007 Vol 317, Issue 5844 pp. 1527-1530DOI:10.1126/science.1146676

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MICROFINANCE AND NON BANKING FINANCIAL COMPANIES IN INDIA  ARE NOT AT ALL A BLESSINGS, IT IS RATHER  A BIG CRUSE.  IT SHOULD BE STOPPED IMMEDIATELY BY LAW 

Author-:

Professor Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya 

MD (University of Calcutta) Fic Path , WBMES (retired)

Ex Retired Professor and Head, Dept. of Pathology department, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108,C.R.Avenue, Kolkata -700073, West Bengal, india

Department of Health and Family Welfare  (WBMES wing)Government of West Bengal Equivalent officiating Rank retired -: "Special Secretary " to the Government of West Bengal

Ex- Principal of JMN Medical College, JMN Educational  and Research Foundation, Chakdaha, District- Ranaghat ,West Bengal India 

At present - (since 6.02.2023): Posted as 

Professor and Head of Pathology Department ( every year renewal contractual but full time),

JIS School of Medical Sciences and Research ( under JIS University , Nilgange, Agarpara,  24 parganas North )santragachi, Howrah District, West Bengal

Residence-:

Mahamaya apartment, Block -B, flat 3, 2nd floor ,Mahamayatala, 54 NSC Bose Road, Post office- Garia , Kolkata 700084, West Bengal india

Email profpkb@yahoo.co.in( mostly used) 

prof.pranab@Gmail.com  

whatsapp & mobile -: 9231510435.

MICROFINANCE was once meant to lift people (basically women) to bring  out of poverty, but many  women ultimately saying today , it's become rather a curse for their life , Wolf  for many indian citizens, specially  for poors, economically week  sections citizens ,( illiterate , semi illiterate people, job less people,  small/ smallest scale business enterprise people,marginal firmers, marginal people, small grocery shopkeepers and for startup small business people, street hawkers , daily wage labourers, small traders )  and they must be  much more cautious about evil effects of  accepting /  taking any  microfinance  loans personally or and on gosthi basis any usurious private loans from various Financial NGOs, companies,  Non Banking Financial corporation ( NBFC) / organisation/ any usurious private loan providers companies ( registered under company act 1956 or on section 8 of 2013 company acts ) who don't possess proper Reserve Bank of India's ( RBI) permission papers for doing money lending business in any state of India including in West Bengal as like "Bandhan Bank" in West Bengal ,"Ashirbad Microfinance Ltd , "Nigam Sudha Microfinance Ltd " ,"Progoti Microfinance company Ltd,"" Lokenath Trusts",  "Dishari', "Swayam Krishi Sanstha" ,"Janalakshmi Financial Services", "Ujjivan", "Adani Financial Services",  "Small Finance Bank", "Utkarsh Small Finance Bank", "Arohan Financial Services", "Fusion Microfinance", "Equitas", "Small Finance Bank", "Grameen Koota Financial Services", "UGRO Financial Services". "ASA international India microfinance Ltd ",  "Sarala" ,"Mohor, "SKS Microfinance Ltd", "Village", "Share Microfinance""Annapurna Finance" ," SKS microfinance, Utkarsha small finance Bank ' ,etc etc for some examples ( there are about 96 or more Microfinance institutions operating in India and 35,473 NBFC companies in India with or  without RBI permission to carry on money lenders business as up to 2013 records and 46 MFI companies working in state of West Bengal )  and many such MFI / NBFC are  operating  presently  in  the West Bengal State of India and in other provinces of  India too. Microfinance institutions or MFI can be set up with minimum Rs 5 cores capital ( to be deposited with RBI) and they can lend money when one borrower's household annual income is maximum from Rs 1,20,000 to Rs 300,000 INR  and maximum limit of such loans must be 50% of monthly household income once ,as per Reserve Bank of India guideline 1st April 2022 ( memo no DoR.FIN.REC.95/03.10.038/2021-22 dated 14.03.2022)  and interest rate must not be more than 20% per year ( ie  if a borrower take Rs 20,000/ as loan, he or she will pay monthly Rs 970/ in 24  instalments including both Principal amount and interest amount loan as per annexure II of para 6.3 of RBI guidelines order dated 14.03.2022, mentioned above )  and they must have licence from RBI as permission to operate as non Banking money lenders. MFI or microlenders  may take loans from Nationalised Bank and they pay 14% maximum interest for their loan per year. Those money lenders, either MFI or NBFI companies or usurious private money lenders are illegal by Indian  laws ( without RBI permission or registration and not following RBI guidelines)  and to be informed to local police by General Diary or by FIR  if operating in a local area Village by villagers or by person who takes such illegal loan from them . 

Since 2017 onwards,Microfinance companies without RBI licence  are mushrooming in West Bengal state  (in urban areas, semi urbans,in rural villages) , putting poor  and marginal  people in life long distress and trouble, damage, irreparable loss to family providing them loan ( say for  50,000/INR a time  ) but  with huge illegal percentage interests on weekly or monthly basis ( interest rate of MFI/ NBFC microlenders  varies from  30% to 200%  yearly ,or weekly or monthly instead of yearly and  that the Indian laws does not ever permitted such illegal money lending to any borrowers with that very high interest charge beyond RBI guided interest level ( less than 20% yearly interest maximum for registered MFIs )  for microfinance company ( on yearly basis but never on weekly or monthly basis ) Maximum Microfinance companies have thus  today mutated ''to become rather big exploiters of man and woman in society to make their cores and cores of money as their profit,  exploiting poor of the poor by their usurious interest rates, providing multiple loans through gosthi ( collection of poor women or men in a group ) given  to  a borrower without due diligence, lack of transparency, RBI regulation and use of coercive methods for recovery by threats, creating nuisance in front of house,  or filing court  suits as a frauds or a defaulter or not following their company conditions of loan repayment" ( as per RBI rules 2022, all Recovery Agents ( RA) must fullfill the laid down criteria stated in clause 7.5.1 to 7.5.5 along  with local police verification identity and permission for recovery of loan from borrowers and other wise thet can not be appointed as field workers or RA) . They often get signed borrowers with their husband in white paper as their company documents and a notebook of taking and paying loan , kept with them( but never with borrowers). Thus a borrower never knows how much of the principal loan and how much of  principal and interest they cleared of their taken loan and they are in loan debt trapped . 

In my opinion ,and in many civilised conscious people opinions , these all microfinance companies are  really a big  curse toward poor socioeconomic class people who are/ were however in need of cash money to run or to help their family' for emergency medical treatment, to run a small  business, from where they earned their previous livelihood,and they took loan  under toughest situation, they faced during COVID -19 periods of State/ pan India lockdown ,they were bound of taking loan with very high percentage of weekly interest  personally or through forming  gosthi of 25/ 40 illiterate or semi illiterate married women and poor men or to those and these company' s salaried field agents or dalal completely misguided  these needy  people or their less educated/ less intelligent wives , children  (whose house men  lost their service and or faced loss in their small business or in cultivation during the covid pandemic period of 2019 November to 2022 December or experienced loss in the business and cultivation) about the false benefit of microfinance or gosthi loans.  These microfinance companies thus making lured to these people of urban, suburban, villages people of West Bengal/  india to take easy loan with very high unusual interest rate (>25% to 35% yearly and  120% to 200% monthly interest rate by usurious money lenders (reference no 5 ) and when covid 19 is now almost over in 2023,  market opened ,these microfinance companies salaried people/  Recovery agents/ Dalal kicking doors  giving huge pressure, threatens  to persons/ family members who took loan ( borrowers)  from their companies by  himself/ or by herself name ( later bounded to draw loans in names of others members ie within gosthi peoples) and then from outside loan providers and as a result it became vicious cycle for them to take continuous loans after loans from neighbours and these people are moving around paying interests of such loans only  but never the principal amount of loan  they borrowed .  Ultimately they are selling all their minor assets including wedding gold , even utensils and facing domestic violences etc  "…I  had to sell off  my wedding ornaments, my 20 years old unmarried daughter's gold ornaments, keeping on taking loans after loan to pay only interest part from one to another private money lenders to clear up my MFI loan interest- Mrs Swapna Bhattacharya -wife of Ritwick Bhattacharya  -  a married 48 years old women,- mother of a 20 years old daughter,  a woman borrower of residence-  Purbapalli Village , Post office- Sodepur , District -24 parganas (north ) ,PS -Khardha,Kolkata -110,  says me with a sad smile and next  bursting into tears  . "….I had to take microfinance loan ( RS 60,000/INR) first  from Bandhan Bank , then from  Ashirwad Microfinance Ltd  , first time in 2019 Oct with only knowledge of my husband Ritwik,  but others  members of my in laws family were in total darkness, after being members of a ( 22 married women group) gosthi of our locality "Bankimpally " at, Sodepur ,under  Panihati municipality constituency ,being lured for easy to get loans and being highly convinced by field agent's of Bandhan Bank and Ashirwad Microfinance Ltd in sodepur and khardah, panihati and by gosthi members,  to feed and  for medical treatment purpose of my 84 years old mother ( Mrs Shanti Adhikari ,wife of late Anil Adhikari,  who is living alone  )  and to support and look after my two younger sister's (Savita Chakraborty wife of krishnendu chakrabarty &  Bandana Dey wife of late Raju Dey ) family, during lock down periods of COVID- 19 ( 2019 -22)  and to meet up MFI company's interest, i had to borrow loan successively from Mr. Tapan Saha of Loknath Trust ,Mr .  Chandan Saha of Nigam Sudha Microfinance Trust , Unity Welfare Society , Progoti , Beraberi Deshari, jiban Utthan Microfinance Ltd  operating ( I didn't knew that these MFI / NBFC companies / usurious money lenders are illegal money lenders  companies by laws  without RBI permission to operate in field )  operating in Sodepur , 24 parganas( north) ,Kolkata-110, West Bengal. I am now a debt trapped woman of around Rs 14 lakh INR . My husband Ritwik Bhattacharya of same address  with B.Com ( Calcutta University) degree ,50 years old ( he suffered in 1999 to 2005  from bipolar psychiatric illnesses- schizoid bipolar mood disorders  and was treated at Institute of Psychiatry at SSKM hospital Kolkata -20, with antipsychotics drugs lithium,risperidone , valproate, SSRI  drugs by his eldest MD doctor brother )  also was trapped and did loan from others non financial banking companies/ organisation when in 2020-2021 his small trade a start up business units ( within our home premises as his rehabilitation program -once set by his eldest doctor brother for him  to sustain our life and to get him engaged in working) run in losses during the COVID -19 pan and partial lockdown period in 2020 March to 2022 October and  he had to pay salaries and  bonus to his four marginal labours in lock down and compensation money settlement to a labour for loss of part of his index finger in a sudden machine accident, etc, though he could not sell his finished products in local markets for covid 19 lockdown and his loan status to these NBFC  companies now reached to another Rs 10 lakh ( as he stopped EMI since 2020 and now he has been summoned by court of laws for a settlement on 20th March 2023 ) . We both are now in great financial trouble for MFI and NBFC loans as their recovery agents and recovery field workers are almost daily knocking the door and we became ill doing overworking both day and night times since October 2022 to repay the loan . What I realised  now that we did a great blunder in our life ,trusting the field agents of Bandhan Bank and Ashirbad microfinance ltd  trusting that Microfinance loans are helping  for empowerment of poor women and their families . Rather it is a big curse for poor families.  I had to sell our kitchen utensils , all machines Ritwick purchased for his business and sometimes I had to deny our  food for days, unless we had some kind of monthly financial support of Rs 23,000/ per month from my husband's eldest brother-, a MD Pathology doctor by his profession ( now a WB  state govt. pension holder ) to feed us by sending his bank interest part of money ( he had as his superannuation benefits in march 2021), to sustain our life , so that we can make these loan repayments …." . 

And I had to steal average rupees 8000, to 10,000 since 2020 onwards even from his sent  money too, to pay up interest to personal private money lenders through my sister's , without knowledge of any one in my in-laws house. A great sin i had to do to meet up loan interest 

There are many such stories ( at least 54 studied cases by this author) with me in Kolkata, Howrah , Coach Bihar ,Nadia, North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Murshidabad ( ref no 12) , Nadia, Jalpaiguri districts of West Bengal state . 

Microfinance was once meant to lift up people out of poverty, but the women of Howrah, (  in Shibpur Constituency ( ref no 3) ,in Panihati constituency,  in Beldanga Village  of East Burdwan  ( reference no  10) say it's become now a big curse for many families even of entire village , who are in microfinance or NBFC debt Trap 

This city, West Bengal, has been overrun by loan agents/ field workers from India's illegal Microfinance or NBFC industries . In the real world ,instead of women getting empowered MFI are causing them in life trouble from microfinance companies,  because there is no system of finding out whether beneficiaries have also taken loans from other MIF institutes or private usurious loans to clear up their loans. So the borrower goes on taking loans after loans  from one institute to others or from personal/  private illegal usurious  money lenders with very high interest.They are bound to do that.  Then they are falling into severe debt traps of 15 to 20 lakhs for say only 1.2 lakh / INR loan from a microfinance company from Ashirbad or Bandhan Bank . This author have personally seen some people changing their addresses overnight, absconded, attempting suicide by various means , selling their all  properties to get rid of these debts .He saw microfinance loans are root cause of domestic violence between husband and wife also . The microfinance companies give loans mostly to married  women. Most of the married women must be at loggerheads with their husbands to repay the loans. This gives rise to domestic violences and injury, even head injuries . 

 From the study at grass-root level , this author  personally felt that very few people had actually benefited from this initiative of microfinance loan in the Indian context . It is rather  few trillion dollar business of companies based on poor families of india who needs cash money 

Below are a few examples of what happened for microfinance loans that destroyed families. Most of these microfinance companies are not however  licensed or registered  or have permission under Reserve Bank of India for operating their  business in a state  which is mandatory ( except Recently  Utkarsha microfinance , Bandhan Bank after deposition of 500 crores. Bandhan however started its business with 2 lakh INR and three staff  in 2009 as a small MFI unit  and now owner of 10 thousands of crores INR loan  and where from that huge profits came to Bandhan Bank owner Mr Chandra shekhar Ghosh? )  and  doing all illegal transactions of money with NGO licence or NBFC licences under section 8 of company act 2013 or under 1956 company act  which do not permit for money lending business in India.

West Bengal is one of the top five states in India in terms of the gross loan portfolio and out of ten districts with high amount of loans, nine—North 24 Parganas , South 24 Parganas, Murshidabad, Jalpaiguri, Nadia, Bardhhaman, Hooghly, Howrah and Cooch Behar— are from West Bengal where these microfinance companies operate through their  salaried feild people or agents  field workers , targeting illiterate  semi literate poor married women of any locality in the name of social or families welfare women empowerment women upliftment with their loan through a gosthi system of 12/25/40 women.

According to a report published in Business Standard, “In its state-wise ticket size and macroeconomics analysis, the agency said it has observed that the average outstanding per unique borrower is the highest in States of West Bengal and Assam, and this has been the case at least for the past three years (2019-2023)”. It also reports that “40-50 per cent of the microfinance loan portfolio in both Assam and West Bengal are from one or two institutions. (sic, Bandhan, Ashirbad )” And it indicates the monopoly of 2/ or 3 institutions in the microfinance sectors.

Tamil Nadu State has displaced West Bengal to emerge as the largest State in terms of the outstanding profit portfolio of microfinance loans. According to MFIN Micrometer Q4 of FY 2021-22, a quarterly report published by Microfinance Institutions Network (MFIN), the gross loan portfolio (GLP) of Tamil Nadu was as of March 31, 2022 stood at ₹36,806 crore. It was followed by Bihar (₹35,941 crore) and West Bengal (₹34,016 crore). At the end of Q3 of FY2022, West Bengal topped the chart with the highest outstanding profit portfolio of loans at ₹32,880 crore, followed by Tamil Nadu (₹32,359 crore).

The top 10 States (based on total microcredit universe) constituted  82.4 per cent of total GLP of the industry. West Bengal was followed by Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. According to the report, around  64 per cent of the microfinance portfolio is concentrated in the East, Northeast, and Southern regions of India.

The 41st issue of the Micrometer report said the microfinance industry served 5.8 crore unique borrowers, through 11.3 crore loan accounts. The overall microfinance industry has a total GLP of ₹2,85,441 crore as of March 31, 2022, an increase of 10 per cent year-on-year (YoY) from ₹2,59,377 crore as of March 31, 2021. 

Lender-wise distribution of microfinance loan-:

Lender-wise distribution of micro-loans shows that 12 banks held the largest share of the portfolio in micro-credit with a total loan outstanding of ₹1,14,051 crore, or 40 per cent of the total microcredit universe. NBFC-MFIs are the second largest providers of micro-credit with a loan amount outstanding of ₹1,00,407 crore, accounting for 35.2 per cent of the total industry portfolio. Small finance banks (SFBs) have a total loan amount outstanding of ₹48,314 crore, accounting for 16.9 per cent, followed by non-banking finance companies (NBFCs) at 6.9 per cent share. Other MFIs account for 1 per cent of the universe. 

The report noted that the proportion of NBFC-MFI portfolios in the universe portfolio increased by 4.1 per cent to 35.2 per cent as of March 31, 2022, though banks continued to be the main contributors. The geographical distribution of the portfolio also witnessed a change with a decrease in the share of the east and northeast region of India by 3.3 per cent, while the share of the south and north regions increased by 1.3 per cent each.

“The microfinance industry has shown good progress during Q4 of  FY2022, building on the momentum profit  created in Q3. The portfolio quality has improved significantly as compared to the end of Q1 FY2022, when the second wave of Covid-19 had caused widespread stress across the country,” Alok Misra, CEO & Director, MFIN said, in a statement. “The announcement of harmonised regulations for microfinance, near normalisation of collection efficiency and recent verdict of the Supreme Court stating that NBFC regulation is under the sole purview of the RBI are hugely positive trends, which will see good growth in 22-23,” he added. 

Several previous studies conducted all over the world  concluded,  where microfinance has been applied, showed that microfinance companies' microcredit loan was not as effective as it was expected in getting poor people and their families out of poverty . Rather it submerged many  family members in tremendous financial curse and destroyed  families who took MFI/ NBFC / private loans .  According to the American Economic journal: applied economics; microfinance benefits were rather oversold to the public in relation to their risks, in India, Bangladesh. The research on psycho-social impact on microfinance was not given  however enough attention, instead the get out of poverty quickly get a loan to run a small business project was overemphasised, such that negative repercussions of MIF loans  were unforeseen.Therefore according to this author  microfinance seems to benefit more to the givers of loan ( ie owner of the MIF companies)  than to the receivers or borrowers . Many people who have evaluated the impact of microfinance have based it on( ?)financial success , not its social, familial and psychological impact i.e. the pressure of work individuals are under to ensure they pay back the interest of loan. Not enough assessment is done to ensure balance in recovery as it undermines emotional trauma and pressure. Introduction of debt to those with a stable income is such a burden; now imagine introducing debt to vulnerable, overwhelmed individuals facing masses of challenges such as food security and uncertainty. The impact can only be estimated as devastating.

If this author looks back  at past in 2010s in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh districts 30 to 45 pepole committed suicide due to microfinance loans, due to coercive method of repayment of microfinance loan by MFI .These suicide were reported from different districts of Andhra Pradesh within 45 days from January 2010 . The story was that MFI companies charged exorbitant interest on the principal amount and borrowers were caught in a situation where they were forced to borrow from another money lender to repay the existing loan . The borrowers were caught in vicious cycle of loans which they can not repay this forcing them to end their life (Ref no 11)

From West Bengal,in 2021, Mr Sadhan Sinha 40 years old (who used to  earn Rs 15000 to 2000 a month) of Bindupara Village of Murshidabad District ,West Bengal ( Ref no 4, 6) is another victim example in 2021. He  took a loan of Rs 1 lakh from a MIF operating in murshidabad and had been unable to pay his monthly instalments of Rs 3,400 for May and June 2021 and he begged for a few days’ time but recovery agents did not listen. The recovery agents sat down outside the house, using abusive languages and saying they would not leave without collecting the dues. "...My husband felt so humiliated that he killed himself…,” said  weeping Mamoni, mother of two sons, aged 18 and 15.( Ref no 12) Sadhan’s decision to take the loan in January 2021 and his subsequent suicide underline the fact that how millions of ordinary Indians were taken unawares by the covid- 19 pandemic’s second wave, blamed partly on the central government’s short-sightedness in prematurely declaring victory over the virus and letting its guard down.The Reserve Bank of India however  tried to give all kinds of loan  borrowers relief by instructing all banks and all financial institutions to consider a debt recasting, provided EMI dues have been cleared before February 2020 ie before the first state or pan India lock down anounced for COVID-19 by government. But, as Mr Sadhan’s death suggests, not every borrower had access to the relief by these MFIs companies, only because of lack of knowledge and information ,as they are mostly less educated and poor people. While the debt recasting is a prerogative of  banks or the micro finance  companies or NBFCs , the problem is that most people who are in dire need of the facility don’t know about RBI directions on this issues 

There was relief to those borrowers who had opted for loan payment restructuring under the RBI scheme as well. The RBI permitted the MFIs ,NBFCs ,Banks and to all lending entities to modify the plans of repayment of loans and increase the moratorium period minimum by another minimum two years with minimum EMI .The RBI said that after all MFI,NBFC  banks ,receive a restructuring proposal from any  borrower to repay principal loan, they must have to take a decision on the application of borrowers within 30 days and  in favour of borrowers. This will happen when the lending institutions and the borrower will agree to work out a resolution plan according to the capacity of borrowers to repay the loan after maintenance of his family at minimum daily wages he or she earns.  After this, the resolution plan must be finalised and implemented within 90 days from the date of invocation( ref 13)  

Debt may be good but never in the state of indebtedness! It has both qualitative and quantitative implications. Propensity to debt, especially “indebtedness” is a matter of big concern. Impact of indebtedness varies both in degrees and dimensions. The state of being in debt (indebtedness) covers both personal and behavioural finance and is blended with positive and negative outcomes. On the minor positive end , people who have easy access to money to debt from the bank MFIs may have some chances for temporary financial wellness, provided the money is used for productive , gain business. The negative outcomes  of money lending are desertion, huge distress and depression of the indebted consumers. Many times, such incidence results in forced migration as observed in the cases of absconding. The extreme end of indebtedness leads to suicidal tendencies often culminating at self-killing! Such unpleasant incidents potentially affect the present as well as the future of a person. Sometimes the shock of indebtedness cascades down to a couple of generations. Recent agitations of the Tamil farmers, protesting for the announcement of a drought relief package and loan waiver, are evidences to what debt-distress is and what it can do!(14) 

Conclusion -: 

In conclusion, to me  and for Poor's , job less people , illiterate, semi literate people, people of urban, semi urban, rural villages  MICROFINANCE COMPANIES  IS NOT AT ALL A BLESSING IT IS RATHER  A BIG CRUSE.  IT SHOULD BE STOPPED IMMEDIATELY and MFI company owners/ their agents  ( Money landers )  to be punished  for illegal money lending to borrowers with exorbitant high interest rate beyond nationalised  bank interest rate or RBI Bank interest rate fixed for Microfinance registered companies with RBI  .Government of West Bengal  and Govt of India should take interest  in sensitising  people about the curse of microfinance loan  otherwise the poor people will go more poorer and borrower families will be destroyed.

References_: 

 ( URL to read on curses of microfinance loan to the society at large through out india)

1. Moumita Alam "Microfinance debt trap exploits Bengal villagers" People's  Review Friday June 25021

https://www.peoplesreview.in/economy/2021/06/after-chit-fund-scams-microfinance-debt-trap-exploits-bengal-villagers/ 

2. BL Chennai  bureau "Tamil Nadu pips West Bengal to become the largest State in terms of outstanding microfinance loan portfolio" The Hindu business line June 15,2022

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/tamil-nadu-pips-west-bengal-to-become-the-largest-state-in-terms-of-outstanding-microfinance-loan-portfolio/article65529419.ece 

3.  Muskan Web Top 10 Microfinance in West Bengal December 17 2022

https://www.muskanweb.com/2022/12/top-10-microfinance-in-west-bengal.html 

4)https://www.newsclick.in/West-Bengal-Sharecropper-Dies-Suicide-due-Microfinance-Debt-Many-Affected-Loans 

5) soutik Biswas India's micro-finance suicideepidemic BBC News Medak Andhra Pradesh 16 December 2010

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11997571 

6)https://www.ijser.org/paper/Microfinance-A-blessing-or-a-cruse.html 

7)https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8250239/ 

8)https://www.muskanweb.com/2022/12/top-10-microfinance-in-west-bengal.html

9) Microfinance - A blessing or a cruse

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2013 345ISSN 2229-5518IJSER © 2013 http://www.ijser.org

10)sandip chaudhury West Bengal Share croper dies of suicide due to microfinance debt ,many affected loans News click 22nd February 2022 https://www.newsclick.in/West-Bengal-Sharecropper-Dies-Suicide-due-Microfinance-Debt-Many-Affected-Loans

11) Thirty commits sucide in 45 days to escape microfinance agents The economic Times  Oct 15 2010

12)Alamgir Hossain 'Plumber dies by suicide as EMI collection agents squat outside" samsergang in murshidabad The Telegraph 24.06.2021

https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/plumber-dies-by-suicide-as-emi-collection-agents-squat-outside-at-a-murshidabad-village/cid/1819882# 

13) special correspondent "RBI re-opens one-time debt restructuring scheme for individual borrowers "The Telegraph 6.05.2021

https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/covid-rbi-re-opens-one-time-debt-restructuring-scheme-for-individual-borrowers/cid/1814669# 

14)Pattnaik, Debidutta, Indebtedness – From the Perspective of Commercial Microfinance in India (July 28, 2017). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3010244  or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3010244 

Published in E journal of legal services in India

https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-10805-microfinance-companies-in-india-are-not-at-all-a-blessings-it-is-rather-a-big-curse-it-should-be-stopped-immediately-by-law.html

Published in vernacular ( Bengali language ) in a daily Bengali news paper published from Kolkata named "Duranta Barta " published serially on its page no 4

27.03.23,( first part)

28.03.23( second part )

on 1.04.23( 3Rd part )

4th part (fourth part) on 5.04.2023,

5th part ( fifth part) on 06.04.2023

6th part ( sixthpart ) on 9.04.2023,

7th( seventh part on 11.04.2023

URL from where they can be down loaded

https://durantbarta.com/e-newspaper

second part

First part

third part

In  UPES ( University of Petrolium and Energy studies) School Of Design,  Derhadoon, india yours and your parents' dream to make you a Fashion Designer or Designer with a BDes degree or MDes or integrated MDes degree will turn into a nightmare for both you and your parents. 

PROFESSOR DR. PRANAB KUMAR BHATTACHARYA MD ( university of Calcutta ) FIC Path & Retired WBMES CADRE OFFICER OF HEALTH DEPARTMENT,GOVT OF WEST BENGAL( Retired)

His Designation was-:

Retired Professor and Head of Pathology Department, Academic building, 2nd floor, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108,C.R.Avenue, Kolkata -700073, West Bengal, india ,Department of Health and Family Welfare  (WBMES wing) of  Government of West Bengal, now pensioners of government of West Bengal 

(Equivalent officiating Rank  and with executive power when retired -: "Special Secretary " to the Government of WestBengal)

Ex- Principal/ Dean of JMN Medical College, JMN Educational  and Research Foundation, uttarpanchpota, Chakdaha, District- Nadia ,West Bengal, India, pin 741222-  a UG Medical College under Public Private partnership model of Health Department ,Government of West Bengal (under 1rsr letter of permission from National Medical council  and affiliated with WBUHS)

At Present  his designation- (since 6.02.2023 to ):

Professor and Head of Pathology Department ( every year renewal contractual ,but full time),

JIS School of Medical Sciences and Research ( under JIS University , Nilgange, Agarpara,  24 parganas North ) jagancha santragachi, Howrah District, West Bengal pin 7111302AUG Medical College under public private partnership model of Health department( WBMES wing) Government of West Bengal under 1rst letter of permission from National Medical council under affiliated with JIS university 

Email profpkb@yahoo.co.in

whatsapp & mobile -: 9231510435

My advice to all aspirant students of West Bengal state of India who are or will be dreaming , dreaming to study Bachelor of Design course (BDes ) at University of Petrolium and Eergy Studies ( called popularly as UPES   bidhouli, Dehradun, india -) as a retired ,38 years long experienced  National Medical Councils , Ministry of Health New Delhi ( NMC)  recognised a Post Graduate and Doctoral level teacher, in Designation of Professor and Head of Pathology departments in the WBMES cadre  officers of government of West Bengal, at various top ranking Medical colleges in the West Bengal state;  b) as  an ex Principal /Dean of a Medical College under Letter of permission from NMC  New Delhi ; c) as the retired "ex officio special secretary to government of West Bengal" and d) as  Ex Members Secretary, and Member of Board of Studies of West Bengal University of Health Sciences kolkata( a UGC recognised university under section 2(f) and NMC recognised university that

,1) Don't ever opt for UPES, School of Design ( SOD)  BDes course ( fashion design)  or MDes courses at least  students who are dreaming  to be degree- Holder fashion designer from the West Bengal state.of india -This is a honest advice to students of the state of West Bengal of a 68 + years old academician and ex administrator and long years Professor in pathology in State of West Bengal

The UPES as University, though it is a recognised  University by the university Grants commission or UGC

 ( UPES recognition letter came in the year 2004 and no further inspection was probably conducted from the UGC ,through application to UGC by the UPES ) under UGC section 22A, and 2 (f) ( but without any government financial aid) of 1956 UGC act, it doesn't probably follow any rules and regulations or guidelines of UGC ( so far this bloggers knowledge is now ) regarding its students class  attendance system  as per UGC norms in the hard copies roll call recording systems in a roll call book/ khata within class by teachers itself  signed by teachers or by the CCTV recording  system while classes are on or by log book for practical classes (rather UPES has its peculiar own class attendance system of punching students identity card issued  by university authorities, in a  departmental machine  (called biometric attendance that are meant by UGC for only teachers and staffs by UGC letters to all universities under it ) , The biometric machine which may remain  either defective, may remain non-functional for some days in any months, or a student  may not be habituated  expertised to punch his or her identity cards effectively or the ICard may be lost and thus  biometric attendance of students may show any of you  students absent from class and  it  may results deficiency in required classes attendance percentage for end semester,barring you students to appear in regular university end semesters examination ( if  and when a student attendance is less than 75% in general cases or with a medical certificate less than 67%) and make one student marked "F" / Repeat ie failed and make her / him bound to appear in supplimentary examinations system with further payment of examination fees (preseny of Rs 3500 for each subjects marked" F at present ) in each end semester results declared. UPES SOD  do not also follow probably UGC rules and regulations in university end semesters examinations system too ( UPES has its own peculiar regulations /guidelines for University end semister exam's and also in their evaluation system of  declaration of each end semesters results and in  supplimentary exam & no body knows whether that very their own examination rules and regulation which is being followed there, is  approved by the UGC at all or not and they remain always silent with that question when asked officially by students parents), in theirs faculty recruitment and promotion system, ( as per UGC  guidelines 2022 of teachers eligibility qualification criteria) .The HOD of fashion Design of School Of Design is a cluster HOD (who is just holding MDes degree from NIFT, without any recognised PhD degree-  surprisingly became an Associate Professor and cluster HOD  and surprisingly seems to be "all in all" in Power in SOD including are appointed as examiners in  all semesters of BDes, MDes and integrated MDes course in UPES ) and some faculty, may be in real vindictive moods  or in harrasment attitudes to some few/ some ones students from West Bengal state and make students from West Bengal often harrassed using  some times rude behaviour some times using abusing, insulting words,   making him or her  mentally high level tortured, harrassed, even not allowing  to use laboratory works to complete practical projects of university semesters , make you students getting plucked and plucked in semester exams from 3rd semester onward in multiple numbers subjects ( say total 14/ 15  subjects in 3rd, 4tg 5th and 6th semesters,even in subjects you have above 60 % even 83% class attendance in their biometric attendance system and secured  good percentage marks in internal assessment and the HOD who takes all  decisions alone regarding a student's fate in successful passing or getting supplimentry, put them in several times repeated supplementary and supplementary examination in many subjects in almost all end semesters (This is based on HOD notion on a student ). Often HODs and  faculties don't co operate with students to finish students works in time. These are  just to earn money from students / students parents with an ulterior motive not to complete his/ her course in sessions scheduled due time and extending times 

beyond schedule sessions period for further deposit of tution fees and other fees ( almost Rs 4.1 lakh or more in two semesters in a year ie in two semesters in a year ) , often causes mental ragging to a targeted student by HOD or faculty if you are obedient , very honest ,perfect and remain timid and respectful in your nature which most Bengal students are .They do all these verbally without keeping any proof or allowing you to take proof or record

In The UPES,  university end semester examinations sem 1- to sem 8 ( they call it Jury ) controller of examination (COE ) office UPES  do not appoint any external examiners as per UGC  guidelines in subjects concerned examination (practical and viva ) from recognised institution of outside uttarakhand state or instead of outside state externals do not even appoint  two recognised internal examiners from others institutions of uttarakhand State ( externals are necessary to make an unbiased results) and decision of the cluster Head is final decision one there in all  eight semesters exams, in all subjects ,( how is it possible beyond any ones understanding) regarding a students  fate for passing in grade A+ to C + or fail ( marked F or repeat) and no other examiners often appointed from same department by COE office has probably any say over the HOD while in computation of results in final sheet ( how is that possible no one cares?? )and even if review of Marked "F "subjects papers in semester  results are applied for by the students or parents or guardian on behalf of students with payment (if applied with INR Rs 250 for each subjects reviewed) it is conducted by the same examiners of the same institute by COE office,declared officially by COE under his or her seal ( which are against UGC guidelines for examination and in review system of papers) and after reviewing marks remaining mostly unchanged to maximum number of students applied for review and in one or two cases students who once was marked "F" failed gets A+ grade(?) or A grade or B grade and that is also limited up to 2nd semester students .Rest remaining unchanged. Then why is review mechanism exist? Just To earn money from students??

The respectable  only Professor in SOD & Principal or Dean of School of Design UPES Derhadoon, honb Vice Chancellor of UPES, The Registrar of UPES or The COE of UPES don't bother to give ever any official reply  or answers of students gurdian / parents' official written complain / grievances email or letters  even if your gurdian / parents send multiple official e-mails with documents attached there or post  hard copies of grievances with  attached documents by registered Post or by courier post received by them ; even if  yours gurdian/ parents'  complain or grievances e mail / letter are sent as" Daime Official letters "from your  gurdian/ parents high ex- government officials ranks or present ranks ( may be Govt ranking and designation , may be semi govt ranking and designation of government or semi government or may be from others most respectable civil official  designation/ rank or  as parents of students or as gurdian) they though recive letter, don't respond  verbally or officially, even they don't pick up yours or yours parents or guardian telephonic calls for any discussion on any issues against them. They  try to put all blames on shoulder of students if you ask  officially why such irregularities  goes on there and  they hide their own faculties fault , rather becomes vindictive towards the students. They forget that students parents are paying huge money ( almost 16 lacks INR for BDes fashion design degree to purchase from a private universities and they are vender for it and students parents are consumer of final product the graduation certificate in schedule sessions period and the students and his or her gurdian are paying to UPES university not the school of Design authority 

The UPES account office sent students or students parents or guardian  by email Letters for payment only their tuition fees examination fees other fees in time and computer generated recipts of money

A totally business  private university UPES is 

Please remember In UPES, SOD your and yours parents dream to make you a fashion designer with BDes degree or MDes degree will turn ultimately a nightmare for both you and your parents. 

So my advice to you pursue your BDes carrier in Kolkata based colleges  like in NIFT , in institution of ministry of textiles colleges, and if from private one ie from Amity University of Kolkata or SNU where complete course fees are less than 8 lacks never go outside West Bengal like in ARCH, Pearl , UPES etc to ruin your career finally. It is better to persue general stream honors courses and masters degree from Kolkata colleges than to move to outer states in India

NB  This very Post is meant for any National level Regional level or State  level  Daily News paper in any state of India and in abroad in any languages to be published .May be edited by the Editor 

Title 

Cautionary Advices to parents / guardians This very Post is for any National level Regional level or State  level  daily news paper in India and abroad in any languages published 

Title 

Cautionary Advices to parents / guardians regarding UPES' School of Design, Bidhouli, Dehradoon, Uttarakhand, before enrollment your student for BDes course in fashion Design  at least 

Author -: 

Professor Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya MD, (University of Calcutta) Pathology,Fic pathology;  WBMES (  retired)

Ex Retired Professor,and Head Dept. of Pathology,  

Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 

108,C.R.Avenue, Kolkata -700073, West Bengal, india, Department of Health and Family Welfare  (WBMES wing), Government of West Bengal

Equivalent Officiating Rank ,he was retired in 2021 -: "Special Secretary " to the Government of West Bengal

Post retirement posts he served -:

Ex- Principal / Dean of JMN Medical College, JMN Educational  and Research Foundation, UttarPanchpota, Chakdaha, District- Ranaghat ,West Bengal, India, pin 741222 (now  under 1rst LOPof NMC New Delhi ; affiliation with WBUHS)

 Ex Professor and Head of Pathology Department

 JIS School of Medical Sciences and Research ( under JIS University , Nilgange, Agarpara,  24 parganas North ) jagancha santragachi, Howrah District, West Bengal pin 7111302( under 1rst LOP of recognition of NMC, New Delhi)

At present ( since 19.12.2023 to till date)

 Principal / Dean of Krishnanagar Institute  of Medical  Sciences ,  Bhatjangla Palpara more , Krishnanagar, District -Nadia, West Bengal , India 741101( a upcoming UG private company Medical College under WBUHS affiliation) 

Email profpkb@yahoo.co.in

Residential address for communication-:

Mahamaya apartment ,Block B , Mahamayatala ,54 , NSC Bose Road( Spenser gate)  PO-Garia,PS Narendrapur,  Kolkata - 84 ,West,Bengal India 

  As successive Dean/ Principal of two undergraduate Medical Colleges in West Bengal state of India as an administrator, as a retired Professor and Head  of the Pathology department, JISMSR at JIS University West Bengal, and  retired Professor and Head of most prestigious premier institute, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine as class-1, Group- A , Gazetted officer of WBMES cadres of government of West Bengal, as Special secretary  (on detailment ) to government of West Bengal, as  ex member & members Secretary of West Bengal University of Health Sciences (WBUHS) for Pathology,  

I feel  now compelled  to share some important information about the UPES School of Design,  specially for their BDes Fashion Design courses, situated  at Bidholi campus, Dehradun, Uttarakhand .I have seen  some many students from West Bengal, Bihar, Tripura, Assam, and North east States of India, make the  blunder of enrolling  them in’ UPES' at School of Design for their B.Des Design courses including from other states of India cracking all India  based UPES DAT test NIFT and other all India tests and unfortunately, some of them have come later to regret their decision to enroll their names in UPES in B Des fashion Design courses as students to become honors degree holders as fashion designers and to get a standard job in the market or some  students become finally compelled to drop out from the courses in that SOD institute/UPES university asking for transfer certificate and migration Certificate even in his or her 8th semesters. 

Firstly I want to address the issues of cost UPES  has gained  notoriety  for being one of the  most expensive universities in india( making the higher education too much commercial and pure business with a tuition fee of Rs 17-18 lakhs INR  over eight semesters in fashion design BDES course ,and for other courses ( 18 -40 lakhs INR) And when it comes to a BDes degree in fashion design, where  both theoretical and practical skills and hands-on experience are crucial, this high cost may not be worth at all. In fact, there are numerous government and public universities that offer fashion design B Des courses at significantly much lower cost, without compromising on the quality of education. 

Moreover, UPES' School of Design has been marred with many controversies and allegations of practicing unauthorized ,not UGC/ AICTE recognized (methods of  students  biometric class attendances recording system , instead of in class roll call registers records), mismanagement from UPES administration and  authorities, and in  poor infrastructures and doing to some  student’s from West Bengal unnecessary scolding in front of others faculties and students, spying against a student by other students in same class regarding whereabouts of targeted students, mental ragging, mental harassment to students making students mentally traumatized by the female present  BDes course coordinator, cluster Head of the department ( Mrs Jharana Joshi) and few faculties there , by rude behavior & often un necessary scolding and by various methods like negative remarks about a student, preventing few bengali students  doing pattern, cutting and stitching garments gowns in laboratory and  by making students successively and  repeated plucked in  their end semesters subjects, in juries (university end semesters), purposefully, vindictively,  by not allowing students to finish up their courses in scheduled period and  scheduled time  frame of  admission academic sessions and  thus she compel students to extend students times, beyond schedule academic sessions of admission ( say for admission sessions for 2020-2024) to finish the course and forces to lag behind time completing his/ her course for further two or three or four extra semesters fees to get degree or make students  and their parents bound to take Transfer and Migration certificate from the Institute and university ( even paying after UPES Rs 17-18 lakhs INR ) and  without offering  students any degree or diploma certificates ( as per NEP 2020 rules, though students is in 8 th semester classes and payed full semester fees up to 8th semesters) or refunding back the full  or even 8th semester fees the students or their guardian payed  already to UPES.  This is ridiculous

In 2017, this university was  highly accused of charging exorbitant fees and not providing students with their promised facilities in their prospects . In addition, there have been reports of students being forced to take loans and facing financial difficulties due to their high fees, due to extending time period of  students beyond  their schedule time periods of academic session a student gets admitted  him / her thus upes earning further huge amount of money from students who gets supplementary in say 14-16 subjects even after 7th semester and has to complete also projects/ internship for 8th semester. UPES SOD Dean or course coordinator, faculties was never helpful to solve this problem of students but they throttle the students in clever and dirty games that the situation  becomes dreadful , nightmare both for students and his/ her parents. 

Furthermore, the faculties at UPES' School of Design has also been a big cause for concern. Some few students have complained about the mental harassment/ mental trauma/ mental ragging by faculties even by  the cluster Head of SOD Mrs jharna Joshi ,MDes (nift) and her some followers, so  that students become physically ill , hypertensive getting Duodenal  peptic ulcers, gets mentally traumatized , depressed , suffers from psychological chronic head ache, phobic to enter in department etc and  the chairman of anti ragging committee there ,Dean SOD, Dean students welfare committee and others authorities like VC, Registrar ,COE, including honb . chancellor UPES- remain  totally mummed on these issues even when they are informed of all these irregularities going on , officially by letters , (officially by emails, after e mails and also by received hard copies sent by registered post to them or by Speed Post of India post. None bothers to answer to student /guardian/ parents of students even. 

 Many faculties in SOD UPES including the present BDes Fashion Design course coordinator Mrs jharna Joshi herself are not experienced enough and are not even qualified faculty members according to UGC guidelines of 2022, Teachers eligibility criteria / for NEP 2020 gazette teachers qualification criteria and  thus leading to a subpar learning experiences there. As a Professor and Head of a department (for the last  18 years, myself), I understand the importance of having competent and knowledgeable teachers, and UPES seems to be lacking in this aspect (0nly 46% teachers have PhD degrees in UPES). But perhaps the biggest issue with studying at UPES' School of Design is the lack of  free  flow working  opportunities and environment for some few targeted Bengali students in the laboratory without permission of the Head of Department like in  pattern ,cutting and stitching and asking students to redo & redo & redo one item  by Mrs jharna Joshi to a student. unlike other renowned design schools in India, UPES may  have ties with  other global / Indian universities or companies for exchange programs or for internships  of students in summer internship/ final year dissertation /  projects in others expensive states but these are financially very costly to bear  extra financial burden and have to be arranged by the students themselves or their parents in their 4th and  8th semesters. This severely limits the exposure and opportunities for students to gain practical experience and network with professionals in the industry.  As someone who  been in the education field for long years, I strongly advise students and their parents to steer clear of UPES' School of Design. The high cost, poor infrastructure, and lack of opportunities , not following UGC/ AICTE rules and regulations, mental ragging by the faculty and cluster Head make it a questionable choice for a degree in fashion design ,unless you are from a very rich family and want to ruin your bright career by getting yourself enrolled there.  

 In regards to examinations systems, of School of Design ,UPES, the  semesters Examinations system they never followed UGC guideline and rules of appointment of  minimum one external examiners from outside states of Uttarakhand  institutions or two internal examiners for one external examiner from outside institute of UPES itself in every subjects of university at end semester or in supplementary examination (as per UGC guidelines and rules of examination clause 5, Para clause k & j of page 7&8 ( UGC ) stating both rules of UPES and of UGC for UG semester examinations,  neither they have theoretical papers examinations from semesters 1 to semester 08 , except only in 02 during entire course in 2020-24 sessions after I complained and documented ). Moreover one internal examiner Mrs jharna Joshi is appointed always I found as the course coordinator ,  convener examiners, in all subjects as examiner( even besides her expertise in subjects she is appointed as examiner by the UPES board of studies) including project mentoring,  who has no  UGC recognized PhD degree  in fashion design ( till date) and not  even she  possess either  a BEd or TTE certificates ,as defined in UGC rules 2022/ NEP rules 2020 to be even Faculties  in  designation of Assistant Professor  onwards and  still she is  appointed by the UPES as Associated professor,( how is that possible?)  cluster head of department(?) ,  all in all in  final decisions making of all examinations  that which students will be declared as passed or who will be taken  granted as failed ,even if  those students get good percentage of attendance in classes and obtained good marks in internal assessment and prior to semester exam( jury) by others faculties there . some faculty declare under instruction of cluster Head whether that students will pass or will  get plucked much previous to jury exam which means passing in exam are pre decided. UPES, COE doesn't publish or speaks a single word regarding marks obtained by a student in theory, in practical and in viva in subjects he or she appeared in jury( break up obtained Marks) , even though a student or his or her guardians want to know  about  division marks and the students obtained in each subjects failed ,to detect  what are causes of multiple failures,where the defects of the students for his / her failures to rectify him/ her

Dean School of Design and UPES authorities never care to  give in writing answers to multiple  numbers emails  or received  multiple letters served to them from students/ student's official guardians, even  to repeated served  Demi Official letters to them, (addressing to Dean SOD UPES, Registrar, COE, VC , even to Chancellor of UPES , Dean of students welfare) , regarding ragging and grievance redressal committee officially and VC/ Registrar office does not even want to receive any complaint letters against them or their faculty members and Registrar himself threaten student/ guardian to ruin his/ her career if complain  is done officially against all irregularities and against UPES faculties and he is to protect his faculty . 

UGC by its order said private universities under UGC 12B,&22 & 2f must be maintained as per regulation of UGC act 2003 for establishment and maintenance of all standards for safeguarding students community in all possible ways and against commercialization of higher education in india and under para 3.7&3.8 of teaching learning process and in  examinations system in UG/ PG and diploma courses .The policy of SOD in UPES is reversed to rules of UGC and is not  found safeguarding students / students community interest and is just for huge profitable business  with education and commercialization of higher education in the state of Uttarakhand from students of other states in India like from West Bengal

In conclusion, based on my years of experience in the higher education field in India, I strongly advise students and their parents to exercise Highest level caution when considering enrollment in UPES' School of Design specially from north east Indian states including from West Bengal even if you get chance there. The combination of very high cost, poor infrastructure, mental harassment, mentally traumatizing students, making repeated fails in many  subjects in jury  in semesters and very limited opportunities makes it a questionable choices for a degree in Fashion Design there in UPES  Dehradun India 

Instead, I encourage you to explore other reputable universities in India that offer Fashion Design courses at a much lower cost and provide better facilities. Do not let the glossy brochures and enticing promises of UPES  sway you into a costly and regretful decision. School of Design, Bidhouli, Dehradoon, Uttarakhand, before enrollment your student for BDes course in fashion Design  at least 

Professor Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya

 My Short Stort

Titled Whispers of desires 

Author -;

Prof. Dr.Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, MD (University of Calcutta), FIC path, WBMES (Retired) 

 Ex Retired Professor,and Head Dept. of Pathology department, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108,C.R.Avenue, Kolkata -700073, West Bengal, india! Department of Health and Family Welfare (WBMES wing), Government of West Bengal (। Equivalent officiating Rank ,he was retired -: "Special Secretary " to the Government of West Bengal)

Post retirement posts he served

 -:Ex- Principal / Dean of JMN Medical College, JMN Educational and Research Foundation, UttarPanchpota, Chakdaha, District- Ranaghat ,West Bengal, India, pin 741222 (now under 2nd LOP of NMC New Delhi ; affiliation with WBUHS)

 Ex Professor and Head of Pathology Department JIS School of Medical Sciences and Research ( under JIS University , Nilgange, Agarpara, 24 parganas North ) jagacha santragachi, Howrah District, West Bengal pin 7111302( under 2nd LOP of recognition of NMC, New Delhi)

At present ( since 19.12.2023 to till date) Present Principal / Dean of Krishnanagar Institute of Medical Sciences , Bhatjangla, Palpara more , Krishnanagar, District -Nadia, West Bengal , India 741101( under 1rst LOP of NMC a UG private company Medical College under WBUHS affiliation) 

Email profpkb@yahoo.co.in

Copy right 

Belongs primarily to Prof. Dr. Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya under strict Copyright acts and laws of Intellectual Property Rights of World Intellectual Property Rights organisations ( WIPO) , RDF copyright rights acts and laws and PIP copyright acts of USA 2012 where Prof Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya is a registered member . Please Don't try ever to infringe the copyright of the manuscript to protect yourself from criminal offences suit file in court of law in any places of india and by civil law for compensation in few millions US dollar or in pounds or in Euro in any court of laws

abstract of the story

In the heart of a upper middle-class Indian neighborhood, Reba, a 39-year-old housewife, grapples with her unfulfilled desires as she cares for her ailing husband, Abani, with 4th stage of lung cancer treated with costly monoclonal antibodies against ALK oncogene after removing the involved lung . Amidst the chaos of illness and financial strain, her world spirals when her 25, years old nephew, Rishabh( Rik), an IIT kanpur passed out electronic telecommunication engineer steps in to support her. Torn between a budding physical and mental attraction to Reba and his commitment to his girlfriend, Moushumi, another alumni of the same institute Rishabh finds himself ensnared in a web of forbidden longing. A pivotal wedding night ignites an unexpected physical intimacy, sending shockwaves through their family dynamics. As tragedy strikes with Abani's death, both Reba and Rishabh face the emotional aftermath, forcing them to confront the complexities of sex , love, guilt, and familial loyalty and family politics. In a poignant exploration of desires and societal expectations, they must decide whether to embrace their passions or safeguard their family ties, ultimately seeking a path toward healing and acceptance.

Chapter 1 - The Weight of Responsibilities

Reba let out a weary sigh as she folded the last of the laundry, her fingers gently smoothing the creases in Abani's favorite shirt. The once-vibrant fabric now hung limply, a stark contrast to the man who had once filled it with life and laughter. Reba's heart ached as she thought of her husband, his once robust frame now frail and diminished by the relentless grip of lung cancer.

Glancing at the clock, she hurried to the kitchen, her mind racing through the day's tasks. Lunch had to be prepared, the children needed to be picked up from school, and the endless cycle of doctor's appointments, orders for medicine from the USA and hospital visits had to be coordinated. Reba's days had become a whirlwind of responsibilities, leaving very little time for herself own.

As she chopped the vegetables, her thoughts drifted to the days when she and Abani had been young, their lives filled with dreams and possibilities. They had married straight out of college, a love marriage they had, their love blossoming like a delicate flower. Now, nearly two decades later, that bloom has wilted, replaced by the harsh realities of illness and financial strain and threat for targeted biologics medicine that cost too much ,doctors visits and costly investigations .

Reba's hands trembled slightly as she added the spices to the simmering pot. The weight of it all – the worry, the exhaustion, the ever-present fear of losing Abani – threatened to overwhelm her. She paused, taking a deep breath, and willed herself to focus on the task at hand.

"Maa, when will lunch be ready?" a small voice piped up from the doorway.

Reba turned to see her daughter, Ayadha, standing there, her school uniform slightly rumpled, her eyes filled with a mixture of curiosity and concern.she is 13 only in class six

"Just a few more minutes, beta," Reba replied, mustering a warm smile. She reached out and gently smoothed ayadha's hair, an instinctive gesture of maternal affection. "How was your day at school?"

Ayadha's face lit up as she launched into an animated recounting of her day's events, from the math test she had aced to the new friend she had made on the playground. Reba listened attentively, her heart swelling with pride at her daughter's resilience and enthusiasm.

As Ayadha's story came to an end, the front door opened, and Reba's son, Arjun, bounded into the kitchen, his backpack slung haphazardly over one shoulder.

"Maa, I'm home!" he announced, his voice brimming with energy. "Can I have a snack before lunch?"

Reba chuckled and nodded, reaching into the pantry for a small bag of chips. "Don't spoil your appetite, beta," she cautioned, handing him the snack.

Arjun grinned and scurried off to his room, leaving Reba alone with her thoughts once more. She allowed her gaze to drift to the family photographs adorning the kitchen walls, a bittersweet smile playing on her lips. In those frozen moments, Abani's vibrant presence was a stark contrast to his current frail state.

A knock at the door interrupted Reba's reverie, and she hurried to answer it, wiping her hands on her apron. When she opened the door, she found her nephew, Rishabh( pet name,Rik), standing on the doorstep, his warm smile instantly putting her at ease.

"Rik! What a pleasant surprise," Reba exclaimed, ushering him inside. "Come in, come in. I was just about to call you."

Rishabh stepped into the familiar foyer, his gaze sweeping over the cozy, well-lived-in space. "I hope I'm not interrupting anything, dear Mejo Mami," he said, his voice tinged with concern.

Reba waved a dismissive hand. "Not at all, beta. I'm always happy to see you." She gestured towards the kitchen. "I was just about to serve lunch. Would you like to join us?"

Rishabh's eyes lit up, and Reba couldn't help but notice the way his face seemed to brighten whenever he was in her presence. "I'd love to, Mejo Mami," he replied, following her into the kitchen.

As Reba began to dish out the steaming plates of rice and curry, she couldn't help but feel a sense of comfort in Rishabh's company. He had always been a constant presence in her life, a steady source of support and companionship, even in the darkest of times. Reba's heart swelled with gratitude, but a small part of her also felt a flicker of something else – a forbidden longing that she dared not acknowledge, to the world, even to herself.

Shaking off the thought, Reba turned her attention to her children, engaging them in lively conversation, her maternal instincts taking over. Rishabh joined in effortlessly, his charm and wit eliciting laughter from the family.

As the meal drew to a close, Reba noticed the slight furrow in Rishabh's brow, a telltale sign that he had something on his mind. "Is everything alright, beta?" she asked, her voice laced with concern.

Rishabh hesitated for a moment, his gaze meeting Reba's. "Mejo Mami, I... I wanted to talk to you about something," he began, his words laced with a hint of nervousness.

Reba felt her heart skip a beat, a familiar flutter of anticipation stirring within her. "Of course, Rik. What is it?"

The young man took a deep breath, his eyes filled with a mixture of apprehension and resolve. "It's about mejo mamu... Your husband, I want to help with the medical expenses and take responsibility for yours. It is directed by mumm. I know things have been difficult, and I want to do whatever I can to ease the burden on you and the family."I earn a very good salary. 

Reba felt a surge of gratitude, but also a twinge of guilt. She had been so consumed by the daily grind that she had neglected to ask for help, unwilling to impose on her family. "Rik, beta, that's so kind of you," she said, her voice thick with emotion. "But I couldn't possibly ask you to do that. You have your own life, mousumi ,your own responsibilities."

Rishabh reached across the table and gently placed his hand over Reba's. "Mejo Mami, you're not asking. I want to do this. Please, let me help."

Reba felt the warmth of his touch, the familiar comfort it brought, and she found herself unable to resist. "Alright, beta," she relented, her eyes brimming with tears. "Thank you, from the bottom of my heart."

As Rishabh's face lit up with a relieved smile, Reba felt a flicker of hope amidst the darkness that had enveloped her life. Perhaps, with his support, she could find the strength to navigate the challenges that lay ahead. But deep within her, a seed of desire had been planted, one that she knew she must keep carefully hidden, lest it threaten to unravel the delicate fabric of her family.

Chapter 2: 

                       Hidden Longings

Rishabh stared out his new car window, his mind a whirlwind of conflicting emotions. The familiar streets of his childhood neighborhood blurred as he grappled with the weight of his growing feelings for Reba-,her own maternal aunt Just a few hours ago, he had been sitting across the table from his loving girlfriend, Moushumi, an architect engineer from same IIT Kanpur now an employee of a private company ,discussing their upcoming wedding plans. Yet, all he could think about was the tender moment he had shared with his maternal aunt the night before। Reba, his beloved mejo mami, had always held a special place in his heart. From the time he was a child, Reba had showered him with affection and support, offering a sanctuary from the complexities of his own home. Now, as he had grown into a young man, his feelings had evolved into something more profound – a forbidden longing that he struggled to reconcile for longtime.

Rishabh's hands tightened on the steering wheel as he recalled the moment he had offered to help with mejo mamu‘s medical expenses and family expenses.The gratitude in Reba's eyes had been palpable, and he had felt a surge of protectiveness towards her. But beneath the surface, there was an undercurrent of something more – a spark that had ignited a fire within him, a desire that he knew he must not entertain

.Back at Reba's home, that evening had taken on a somber tone. Abani's condition had worsened, and the weight of his illness hung heavy in the air. Reba moved through the house with a quiet determination, tending to her husband's needs and ensuring her children were cared for.

As she prepared a light dinner, Reba's mind drifted to the brief moment of solace she had felt during Rik's visit. His offer to help with the medical expenses had been a lifeline, a glimmer of hope in the midst of her overwhelming responsibilities. But it was the way he had looked at her, with a tenderness that went beyond the bounds of a nephew and aunt, that had stirred something deep within her.

Reba shook her head, scolding herself for even entertaining such forbi thoughts. Rishabh was her nephew, and she was a married woman – a woman who had taken vows to love and cherish her husband and children, Abani, until death do them part. Yet, the memory of Rik's touch, the warmth of his embrace, lingered like a forbidden temptation.why ?

As the car pulled up to Reba's modest home, Rishabh took a deep breath, steeling himself for the encounter. He knew he needed to keep his composure, to not let his affection for Reba seep through the cracks of his carefully constructed facade. With a polite smile, he stepped out of the vehicle and made his way to the front door, his heart pounding in his chest.Reba greeted him, her eyes were shining with a mixture of relief and something more, something that sent a shiver down Rishabh's spine. "Thank you for coming, Rik," she said, her voice soft and warm. "Yours mama’s condition has taken a turn for the worse, and I could use your help."Rishabh nodded, pushing down the surge of emotions that threatened to overwhelm him. "Of course, mejo mami I'm here for you and my uncle's family, whatever you need." He followed her inside, his gaze lingering on the gentle sway of her circular wide gluteal and three soft fat crises on her waist, the way her hair fell across her face.In the living room, Abani lay propped up on the couch, his breathing now labored and his face etched with pain. Rishabh's heart ached at the sight of his maternal uncle, a man he had always admired for his strength, knowledge and resilience. Reba hovered nearby, her hands wringing anxiously, her eyes filled with worry."The doctor said he needs more intensive care and hospitalization," she murmured, her voice barely above a whisper. "But the hospital bills will be piling up, and I don't know how we'll afford it." Tears threatened to spill from her eyes, and Rishabh instinctively reached out to squeeze her hand, offering what comfort he could.The touch sent a spark of electricity wave through Reba, and she found herself leaning into his warmth, seeking the solace she so desperately craved. Rishabh's breath caught in his throat, and for a moment, they were lost in each other's gaze, the world around them fading away.The sound of Abani's labored breathing shattered the spell, reminding them of the gravity of the situation. Reba reluctantly pulled away, her cheeks flushed with a mixture of guilt and desire."I'm sorry, Rik," she said, her voice trembling. "I shouldn't have—"

" it's okay," Rishabh interrupted, his voice low and soothing. "I'm here for you, no matter what. We'll figure this out, together." Reba nodded, grateful for his understanding, even as her heart ached with the knowledge that their connection is forbidden, their feelings something they could never truly act upon.

As the evening wore on, Reba found herself longing for Rik’s presence once more. His visits, though brief, had become a source of comfort and respite in the midst of her daily struggles. She knew it was wrong to crave his attention, to yearn for the warmth of his touch, but the temptation was becoming increasingly difficult to resist.

Lying in bed, Reba stared up at the ceiling, her mind racing with a thousand thoughts. The weight of her responsibilities as a dedicated wife and mother, combined with the growing hidden desire for something more, threatened to consume her. She knew she needed to find a way to reconcile these conflicting emotions, but the path forward was shrouded in uncertainty and she will be alone mentally and physically by few months more ahead in this world 

Over the next few days, Rishabh became a constant presence in the household, offering her both financial and emotional support for his maternal uncle. He accompanied Reba to the hospital, holding her hand as they listened to the doctors' grim prognosis. He helped with the children, ensuring they were fed and cared for by him , allowing Reba to focus on Abani's needs.Through it all, the unspoken tension between Reba and Rishabh grew, a palpable energy that crackled in the air whenever they were together. They stole glances, their fingers brushing against each other in fleeting moments, their eyes conveying a silent language of longing and guilt.

One evening, as Reba prepared a simple meal for the family, Rishabh approached her, his expression serious.

" I need to talk to you,mami" he said, his voice low and urgent. Reba felt her heart skip a beat, her hands trembling as she set down the utensils. "What is it, Rik?"He took a deep breath, his gaze locked with hers. "I can't stop thinking about you. About us. I know it's very wrong, I know it's forbidden, and a sin desire but I can't ignore these feelings anymore."Reba's eyes widened, her pulse quickening. "Rik , what are you talking about dear beta . Your mejomamu is on your deathbed . He is still living on earth . Just think once about our real relationship,this society ,your parents, our age difference! we can't do it Rik .I understand your situation—""Please ," he interrupted, his hand reaching out to gently cup her cheek. "I know all these risks, but I need you to know how I feel now about you. I need you to know that you're not alone in this world." Reba's resolve crumbled as she leaned into his touch, her own hand coming up to cover his. "Rik I—" Her words were cut off by the sound of a door opening, and they quickly pulled them apart, their hearts racing.

Pratima Devi, Rishabh's mother, entered the kitchen, her sharp eyes scrutinizing the scene before her. "Rik, what are you doing here?" she asked, her voice tinged with suspicion.

Rishabh straightened, his expression carefully neutral. "Nothing, Maa I was just checking on her, making sure she has everything she needs."

Pratima's gaze narrowed, and Reba felt a chill running down her spine. "I see," the older woman said, her tone laced with a subtle warning. "Well, don't forget that Moushumi is waiting for you. You shouldn't keep her waiting."

Rishabh nodded, his jaw tightening. "Of course, Maa I'll be right there."

As Pratima left the kitchen, Reba and Rishabh exchanged a loaded glance, their hearts heavy with the weight of their unspoken desires and the looming threat of discovery.

Chapter 3 

                      moushumi 

As Rishav pulled into the drive-in of his own apartment, Rishabh let out a heavy sigh. Moushumi, his long-term girlfriend, would be wife was waiting for him, her bright smile a stark contrast to the turmoil he felt inside. He knew he needed to be honest with her, to confess the complicated emotions that had taken root in his heart, but the thought of hurting her filled him with dread.

Stepping into the apartment, Rishabh was greeted by Moushumi's warm embrace. "You're home late as usual," she said, her voice laced with concern. "Is everything alright?"

Rishabh hesitated, his gaze momentarily drifting towards the framed photograph of the two of them on the wall. "I... I've been thinking a lot about my uncle's family," he said, his voice barely above a whisper. "Aunt Reba is going through a difficult time, and I can't stop worrying about her you know mausumi uncle has lung cancer and he is having biologic monoclonal antibodies moreover hospital costs doctors visit costly investigations she is getting puzzled where from all these money will come ."Moushumi's brow furrowed, and she gently guided Rishabh to the couch. "I know how much you care about your own family," she said, her hand resting on his arm. "Is there anything I can do to help?"

Rishabh's heart ached with the weight of his secret. He wanted to confide in Moushumi, to share the turmoil that was consuming him, but the fear of losing her held him back. Instead, he forced a smile and squeezed her hand. "I appreciate your concern, but I think this is something I need to handle on my own for now. I don't want to burden you with my family's problems."

Moushumi nodded, her eyes filled with understanding. "I'm here for you, Rishabh, whenever you're ready to talk. You know that, right?"

"I do," Rishabh replied, his voice barely above a whisper. As Moushumi settled beside him, he couldn't help but feel a pang of guilt. The woman he loved was sitting beside him, and yet his thoughts were consumed by another – a woman he knew he could never truly have.

Chapter 4: 

                    The Weight of Illness

Reba's eyes fluttered open, and she was greeted by the familiar sight of her dimly lit bedroom. The soft hum of the air conditioner and the muted beeping of medical equipment were the only sounds that pierced the stillness. She turned her head to the side, her gaze settling on Abani's frail form, his chest rising and falling with labored breaths. He developed pleural effusion Now

It had been three weeks since Abani's condition had taken a turn for the worse, and the weight of his illness had settled heavily upon their household. Reba had become a constant presence at the hospital, juggling her duties as a wife and mother with the demands of caregiving. The financial strain of mounting medical bills had only added to the burden she carried, leaving her feeling overwhelmed and exhausted.

Quietly, Reba slipped out of bed, careful not to disturb Abani's fitful sleep. She made her way to the kitchen, where she prepared a simple breakfast, her movements methodical and practiced. As she sipped her tea, her gaze drifted to the living room, where her two children, Ayadha and Arjun, were huddled together, their faces etched with worry.Reba's heart ached at the sight. She had tried to shield them from the full extent of Abani's illness, but the tension and uncertainty that permeated their home were undeniable. Aadhya, at just 13 years old, had taken on more responsibilities, helping with chores and caring for her younger brother. Arjun, only 8, clung to his mother, his eyes brimming with questions he was too afraid to ask.

Reba made her way to the living room, settling beside her children. She pulled them close, her arms enveloping them in a comforting embrace. "How are you both feeling this morning?" she asked, her voice soft and gentle.

Aadhya's eyes met her mother's, and Reba saw the weight of worry that had settled there. "I'm worried about Dad," the young girl admitted, her voice barely above a whisper. "The doctors said he's not getting better."

Reba nodded, her heart heavy. "I know, my dear. But your father is strong, and he's fighting. We just need to be there for him, and for each other." Arjun snuggled closer to his mother, his small hand clutching the fabric of her shirt. "Will Dad be okay?" he asked, his voice trembling.

Reba hesitated, her own uncertainty threatening to spill over. "I don't know, Arjun," she admitted, her voice wavering. "But we'll do everything we can to help him. And no matter what, we'll be here for each other, always."

The children fell silent, their fears reflected in the tense lines of their bodies. Reba held them close, drawing strength from their presence, even as her own heart threatened to break.

A soft knock at the door interrupted the moment, and Reba gently disentangled herself from her children. "That must be Rik ,her nephew" she said, forcing a small smile. "He's coming to check on your father and help out around the house."

As Reba opened the door, Rishabh's familiar face came into view, his expression a mix of concern and affection. "Good morning,mejo mami" he said, his voice low and gentle. "How is mamu doing?"

Reba sighed, her shoulders sagging slightly. "Not so well, I'm afraid. The doctors said his condition is deteriorating, and the treatments don't seem to be working as well as they'd hoped. We can start homeopathy next if we like and palliative too"

Rishabh's brow furrowed, and he placed a comforting hand on Reba's arm. "I'm so sorry to hear that. Please, let me know if there's anything I can do to help – with mamu or with the children."

Reba nodded gratefully, her eyes shining with unshed tears. "Thank you, Rik. Your support means more to us than you know ."

As Rishabh stepped into the house, Aadhya and Arjun rushed to greet him, their faces lighting up with a glimmer of hope. Rishabh embraced them warmly, his gentle demeanor soothing their worries.

Reba watched the scene unfold, her heart swelling with a mixture of gratitude and something else – a feeling she had tried to hide always ,to suppress, but one that had taken root in the depths of her soul. Rishabh's presence, his unwavering kindness, and his steadfast support had become a lifeline for her in these trying times, and she found herself drawn to him in ways she dared not to acknowledge.

Shaking off her thoughts, Reba led Rishabh to Abani's room, where the older man lay, his eyes closed, his breathing labored. Rishabh approached the bed, his expression somber, and gently placed a hand on Abani's forehead, checking his temperature.

"His fever is still high," Rishabh murmured, his brow furrowed in concern. "We need to get the doctor to come and examine him again."

Reba nodded, her hands trembling slightly. "I'll make the call right away. Thank you, Rik, for being here at crisis."

Rishabh turned to Reba, his eyes filled with empathy. "Of course, mejo mami. I'll do whatever I can to help you and your family during this difficult time."

As Reba made the call to the doctor, Rishabh remained by Abani's side, his presence a steady anchor in the midst of the family's turmoil. Reba watched him from the doorway, her heart swelling with a bittersweet longing. She knew she should push these feelings away, that they were wrong for her at least at this age and could only lead her more pain, but the weight of her responsibilities and the ache of her own unfulfilled desires made it increasingly difficult to ignore the pull she felt towards her own nephew.

The sound of the doorbell interrupted Reba's thoughts, and she hurried to answer it, her mind racing with the implications of Abani's worsening condition. As she opened the door, she was greeted by the stern face of her mother-in-law, Papiya Devi, who swept into the house with an air of authority.

"I heard about Abani's condition," Papiya Devi announced, her voice laced with concern. "I've come to see what I can do to help and stay beside him ."

Reba's heart sank, knowing that her mother-in-law's presence would only add to the already palpable tension and quarl in the household. She could never tolerate her since her marriage nor Reba did ,as Papiya Devi's gaze swept over the room, Reba knew she had no choice but to welcome her in, for the sake of Abani and their family and more over she has every right to stay in death bed of her 2nd son. In laws house Reba and Abani's marriage life was never accepted and for last two decades Reba was abandoned there

Chapter 5:

                    A Night of Unraveling 

Reba and her two children went to a nearby wedding house of close relatives from her side. This invitation was unavoidable .Abani was under care of her mother for that night.every body there feeling and grieved for Abani’s final diagnosis,fate and discussed how Reba to manage her family after if abani passes away .The discussion was bothering Reba

Her children were playing with their same age on the terrace. Rishav came directly from the office in the evening . Reba changed her dress in evening, she brought with her delicate fabric red benarasi saree with embroidery and matching blouse and put facial makeup ,lipstick, vermillion ornaments 

She was looking marvellous even at 39

The warm glow of twinkling lights and the melodic beats of traditional music filled the air . It was a night of joyous celebration, a momentary respite from the heaviness that had enveloped their lives in recent months.The soft glow of twinkling lights illuminated the grand wedding hall, casting a warm, festive atmosphere over the gathering. Reba stood at the edge of the crowd, her gaze from little distance fixed on her children playing and on Rik, as he moved gracefully through the throngs of guests, offering wellcome and exchanging pleasantries. She couldn't help but admire the way he carried himself, his confidence and charm 

Reba smoothed the delicate red fabric of her Banarasi sari, her fingers tracing the intricate embroidery that adorned the vibrant crimson material. Though her heart carried the weight of Abani's deteriorating health, she was determined to put on a brave face for her children and everyone present there 

As they made their way through the crowded hall, Reba's gaze was drawn to Rik , who greeted guests with a warm smile, his eyes instantly locking with hers. Reba felt a familiar flutter in her chest, a sensation she had tried to suppress but could no longer ignore.

Mejo Mami, I'm so glad you could make it," Rishabh said, his voice laced with genuine affection. He gently took Reba's hand, the brief touch sending a shiver down her spine.

"We wouldn't have missed it for the world," Reba replied, her tone soft and measured, betraying none of the emotions swirling within her.

“Rik ," Reba replied, her own tone tinged with a hint of nervousness. "The wedding is beautiful. But You must be so proud of Moushumi. She didn't come with you. I am expecting to meet her here. you could bring her.I didn't meet her for a long one year was that not? “

 "Yes, it's a special occasion. I told her. But it is her office. But I must admit, mejo mami I'm finding it hard to focus on anything other than you. You look so gracious in red fabric banarasi sari believe me just beautiful I must admit

You looking 25 now" he whispered 

As Rishabh made his way towards her, Reba felt her heart flutter. She knew that she should maintain a respectable distance, but yet the inner pull she felt towards him was becoming increasingly difficult to ignore by her . When he finally reached her, his eyes met hers, and for a moment, the world seemed to slowed down.

As the family mingled with the other guests, Reba found herself gravitating towards Rik, their conversations flowing with an ease that belied the underlying tension. Rishabh, ever the attentive companion, made sure Reba and the children were well-fed and well entertained, his attentiveness a balm to Reba's weary soul.

The music swelled, and soon the dance floor was filled with vibrant, swaying bodies. Aadhya and Arjun eagerly joined the celebration, their laughter and joy a much-needed reprieve from the somber mood that had pervaded their home. Reba watched them, a bittersweet smile playing on her lips, wishing she could find the same carefree abandon.

Rishabh, sensing Reba's wistful gaze, approached her and extended his hand. "Mejo Mami, would you do me the honor of dancing with me?"

Reba hesitated for some time , her mind racing with a thousand conflicting thoughts. But the warmth in Rishabh's eyes and the gentle tug of his hand were too alluring to resist. With several shy nods, she placed her hand in his, and they stepped onto the dance floor.

As they moved in sync, their bodies swaying to the rhythm of the music, Reba felt a sense of liberation she hadn't experienced in years. Rishabh's hand at the crease of her waist, his gentle guidance, and the way their eyes locked in an unspoken conversation ignited a fire within her that she had long thought extinguished.When the music finally came to an end, Reba and Rishabh found themselves standing much closer than they had been before, their faces mere inches apart. Reba's heart pounded in her chest, and she could feel Rishabh's warm breath on her skin, sending a shiver of anticipation down her spine.

The moment was shattered by the arrival of Aadhya and Arjun, who eagerly beckoned their aunt and cousin to join them in the festivities. Reba and Rishabh reluctantly parted, their eyes lingering on each other, silently acknowledging the intensity of the connection they had just shared.

As the night wore on, Reba found herself increasingly drawn to Rishabh's side. They would steal glances, their fingers brushing against each other in fleeting moments, igniting a spark that threatened to consume them both. The air between them crackled with an electricity that was palpable, even to the casual observer.

Towards the late part of night as the guests began to depart, Reba and Rishabh found themselves alone in a secluded corner of the venue. The music had faded, and the hall was bathed in a soft, intimate glow. Rishabh turned to Reba, his eyes shining with a mixture of longing and trepidation.

Mejo Mami," he whispered, his voice barely audible above the distant chatter of the remaining guests. "I...I can't stop thinking about you Reba.

Reba felt her breath catch in her throat, her heart racing with a mixture of fear and exhilaration. She knew she should put a stop to this, to the growing intimacy between them, but in that moment, she found herself powerless to resist.

Rishabh reached out and gently took her hand, his touch sending a jolt of electricity through Reba's body. "let's go somewhere more private," he murmured, his eyes shining with a mix of desire and trepidation.

Reba hesitated for minutes, “ somewhat private Rik? What's that private Rik ? and that in this wedding house? You mean it is urgent? Are you crazy my baby! If someone asks where we are? If my children call me once? It is 1am past now . Where is the place? Will that not be risky for us? Rebas mind racing with the implications of what Rishabh was suggesting to her. But the longing she felt for him, the need to be close to him, was overpowering. Nodding almost imperceptibly, she allowed Rishabh to lead her away from the dancing hall and down a dimly lit hallway.

As they walked towards private,in the down hall, Reba's pulse quickened. Blood pressure raised, She sweated. She knew it well what they were doing was wrong, that it went against every societal norms, their relationship and moral code she had been taught always to uphold. But in that moment, with Rishabh's hand in hers, she felt her alive, her senses heightened and her inhibitions lowering.she sensed what is going to happen.,, it would be rather better if after dinner ,she would leave this place with her children but every one asked her to stay this night! How is Abani now? Her mother rang her one hour before. He is sleeping with medication  

They both came upon a small alcove, hidden from the main festivities, and Rishabh gently pulled Reba inside, his fingers now tracing the outline of her face. "Mejo Mami" he whispered, his breath felt warm against her skin. "I really can't stop thinking about you." Reba's heart pounded in her chest as she gazed up at him, her own hands reaching up to caress his cheek. "Rik we shouldn't be doing this please," she murmured, "you have your moushumi. She awaits for you, my child. Consider our age and our relationship . Consider your parents,They won't ever accept this forbidden relationship between you and me. forget me Rik ! I understand your situation too. But your mamu is fighting against death and he is still living.Look at mine, vermillion in my forehead, mangal sutra in my necklace,look at my red benarasi I wore for your mamu. I love him too . What will you get from me? Please don't make me weak. even still as she leaned closer, her lips mere inches from his. "I know," Rishabh replied, his voice laced with longing. "But I can't help myself. mamima being with you, it feels so right, so _real_I am helpless." Slowly, almost involuntarily, Reba reached up and traced the contours of Rishabh's face, her fingertips lingering on his lips. The world around them faded away, and all that mattered was the connection they shared, a connection that defied the boundaries of propriety and social norms.

As their faces inched closer, Reba felt a surge of desire, a longing that had been simmering beneath the surface for far too long.

And then, in a moment of unguarded height of passion, their lips met first time in a tender, yet a desperate kiss. Reba felt a sudden surge of emotional oxytocin and endorphins surge coursing through her, a heady mixture of guilt, her hidden desire, and a desperate need for connection. Rishabh's arms wrapped around her waist, pulling her close, and she silently melted into his embrace, pressing her body on rishav chest strongly, all thoughts of propriety and consequences fading away. Time seemed to stand still as they lost themselves in the embrace, their kiss gradually deepening and deepening with a groaning sound from the deep throat of Reba suckling sound of other's saliva , gently biting each other's lips alternately , snaking tongue inside mouths with a sense of urgency and need. Reba's hands roamed on Rishabh's body, tracing the contours of his muscles, squeezing silently while rishav’s fingers tangled in her hair, as if he were trying to commit every inch of her to memory.

When they finally pulled apart with a sigh of ecstasy, both breathless and flushed, Reba felt a wave of panic wash over her. "Rik, what have we done?" If someone sees us by the time? she whispered, her eyes filled with a mixture of fear and longing. Rishabh reached out and gently caressed her cheek, his expression one of understanding and regret. "I'm sorry, Reba," he murmured. "I couldn't hold myself back any longer. But I know this is wrong, and I don't want to hurt you or anyone else." Reba then nodded, her own heart torn between the exhilaration of their shared intimacy and the crushing weight of guilt. "I know it Rik ," she replied, her voice barely above a whisper. "But truly I can't also deny how I feel about you, Rik. Even if it's wrong, even if it's forbidden and sin I am aware of ”

Rishabh pulled Reba now into a tight embrace, his lips brushing against her forehead. "Then we'll figure it out, Reba," he murmured. "Together, we'll find a way to make this to work, if you agree, no matter the cost." Now we don't have the right place here. 

As they hugged each other tightly in the dimly lit alcove, the sounds of the wedding celebration fading into the background, Reba knew that their lives had irrevocably changed. The boundaries had been crossed already, the forbidden had been now tasted, and there was no further going back from this point. They would have to face the consequences of their actions, whatever they may be, but in that moment, all that mattered was the connection they shared, a bond that transcended the constraints of their wo

Chapter 6: 

                  Crossing Boundaries

The warm glow of the wedding lights had long faded, but the memory of Reba's intimate dance with Rik lingered like a flickering flame. As she lay awake in the silent hours of the night, her heart raced with a mix of exhilaration and guilt. The forbidden touch of his hands on her waist, the intensity of his gaze, and the undeniable connection they had shared had shattered the carefully constructed walls around her desires she constructed .

Reba turned to her side, mindful not to disturb the fitful sleep of her husband, Abani, whose labored breathing filled the room. She had always been the dutiful wife, the devoted caregiver, and beloved mother but now her sense of duty was at war with the yearning that had awakened within her. Rishabh, her beloved nephew, had become the object of her love,longings, and she could no longer ignore the weight of her emotions.

Slipping out of bed, Reba made her way to the kitchen, needing the solace of a warm cup of tea to calm her restless mind. As she waited for the water to boil, she replayed the events of the evening, the dance, the stolen glances, and the moment when their lips had brushed ,her fingers touched his bulge. A shiver ran down her spine, and she chastised herself for indulging in such thoughts.

"I'm a married woman, I am his aunt" she whispered into the quiet of the night, her voice barely audible. "I can't... I shouldn't… I must not "But the truth was, she couldn't deny the connection she felt with Rik . It was more than just familial affection; there was a spark, a deep understanding But the truth was, she couldn't deny the connection she felt with Rik . It was more than just familial affection; there was a spark, a deep understanding that transcended the boundaries of their relationship. And in that moment of vulnerability, Reba had allowed herself to be swept away by the intensity of their bonding.

As the kettle whistled, Reba poured the steaming water into her favorite mug, watching as the tea leaves unfurled and released their fragrant aroma. She took a sip, savoring the warmth that spread through her body, but it did little to quell the turmoil within. She knew she had to confront the reality of her situation, the consequences of her actions, and the impact it would have on her family.

Rishabh, too, was grappling with the aftermath of their encounter. He lay awake in his own bed, staring at the ceiling, his mind racing with conflicting emotions. The guilt of betraying Moushumi, his long-term girlfriend, warred with the overwhelming desire he felt for his mejo mami. He had always admired his aunt, but the depth of his feelings had taken him by surprise, leaving him in a state of emotional turmoil.

Rishabh replayed the moments of their dance, the way mejo mami had looked at him, the way her body had molded to his. He could still feel the warmth of her skin, the softness of her curves, and the electricity that had passed between them. It was as if a dam had burst, unleashing a flood of emotions he had long tried to suppress.

Turning to his side, Rishabh reached for his phone, his fingers hovering over Moushumi's number. He knew he needed to be honest with her, to confess the truth about his feelings for Reba, but the thought of losing her filled him with dread. Moushumi had been his constant, his anchor, and the idea of betraying her trust was almost too much to bear.

With a heavy sigh, Rishabh put down his phone and closed his eyes, trying to get himself to sleep. But the image of Reba, her eyes shining with a mixture of desire and guilt, kept him awake, tormenting him with the weight of his choices.

Back in the kitchen, Reba had finished her tea, the warmth of the liquid doing little to soothe the turmoil within. She knew she needed to speak with Rishabh, to confront the reality of what had happened between them, but the very thought filled her with a sense of dread.

"What have I done?" she whispered, her hands trembling slightly as she placed the mug in the sink.

Reba made her way back to the bedroom, her steps heavy with the burden of her guilt. As she slipped under the covers, Abani stirred, his eyes fluttering open.

"Reba?" he murmured, his voice weak and raspy.

"Shh, it's alright, my love," Reba replied, gently brushing a stray lock of hair from his forehead. "Go back to sleep."

Abani nodded, his eyes closing once more, and Reba felt a pang of guilt wash over her. How could she have allowed herself to be drawn into this forbidden desire when her husband was fighting for his life? She had vowed to be by his side, to cherish and honor him, and yet her heart had betrayed him.

Tears welled in Reba's eyes as she reached out to caress Abani's cheek, a silent apology for the turmoil that threatened to tear her apart. In that moment, she knew she had to find the strength to confront her feelings, to make a choice that would not only impact her own life but the lives of those she loved most.

As the first rays of dawn began to filter through the curtains, Reba made a silent resolution. She would speak with Rik, lay bare the truth of her emotions, and together, they would navigate the treacherous waters of their forbidden desire. Whatever the outcome, she owed it to herself, to Abani, and to Rishabh to face the consequences of her actions with courage and honesty.

Chapter 7

                     Secrets and Lies

Abani needed to be hospitalized. Everything was arranged by Rishav, including all bills, payments Medical expenses and even running Reba's family smoothly .Reba had no other options but to accept Rik's part of salary. Her Bank balance almost came to an end Rik earns a high salary in lakhs 

 The air in the small hospital ( it is south city nursing home ) room felt thick with tension as Reba sat beside Abani's bedside, her hand gently clasping his. His once vibrant spirit had dimmed, the ravages of his illness etching deep lines on his face. Reba's heart ached, watching the man she had loved for so long slowly slip away.

Abani's labored breathing filled the silence, punctuated only by the steady beep of the machines monitoring his vital signs. Reba's mind drifted to the events of the past few weeks, the intimate encounter with Rik at the wedding still searing her memory. She had tried to push those feelings aside, to focus solely on caring for her husband, but the guilt and desire continued to gnaw at her.

As if sensing her turmoil, Abani stirred, his eyes fluttering open. "Reba," he whispered, his voice weak. "How are you holding up, my love?"

Reba forced a smile, squeezing his hand gently. "I'm doing alright, Abani. The children and I are managing, thanks to Rik's help." The mere mention of her nephew's name sent a shiver down her spine.

Abani nodded slowly, his gaze searching Reba's face. "Rik has been a godsend, hasn't he? I'm grateful to have him in our lives." A small smile tugged at the corners of his lips. "He's a good boy, that one. I know he cares for you deeply and will care too I hope so"

Reba felt her heart skip a beat, her mind racing with the implications of Abani's words. Did he sensed about the growing intimacy between them? She swallowed hard, her grip on his hand tightening. "Yes, he's been a wonderful support. I don't know what we'd do without him."

Abani's eyes softened, and he lifted a trembling hand to caress Reba's cheek. "My dear, I know you've been through so much. I want you to know that I'm at peace with whatever happens. All I want is for you and our children to be taken care of by Rik"

Reba felt the tears welling in her eyes, and she leaned into his touch, savoring the warmth of his skin against hers. "Abani, don't talk like that. You're going to be fine. We still have so much life ahead of us."

He shook his head slowly, his gaze unwavering. "Reba, I'm not a fool. I know my time is limited. I need you to promise me that you'll allow Rik to help you, follow him to be there for you and our children. He's a good man, and I trust him much."

Reba's heart sank, the weight of Abani's words crushing her. How could she tell him the truth about her feelings for Rik ? The guilt threatened to overwhelm her, but she forced herself to nod, her voice barely above a whisper. "I promise you, Abani. Rik will be there for us only.i shall make it"

As Abani drifted back into a restless sleep, Reba allowed the tears to flow freely down her cheeks. The web of secrets and lies she had woven was becoming increasingly tangled, and she knew that the time for reckoning was fast approaching.

Across town, Rishabh sat in his apartment, his head in his hands. Moushumi had just left, her eyes filled with hurt and betrayal. He had finally confessed the truth about his feelings for Reba, and the fallout had been devastating.

"How could you, Rik?" Moushumi had cried loud, her voice laced with anguish. "All this time, you've been in love with your own aunt? What kind of sick, twisted game have you been playing with me? You are perverted chhi.Rik chhi"

Rishabh had tried to explain, to plead for her understanding, but Moushumi had refused to listen. "We're done, Rik. I can't be more with someone who has feelings for another woman, let alone his own family member. I want nothing to do with you or your twisted perverted desires." You are suffering from auidupas complexity .Go to psychiatrist 

The finality in her words had cut Rishabh like a knife, and he had watched helplessly as she stormed out, slamming the door behind her. Now, alone in the silence of his apartment, the weight of his actions threatened to crush him.

He thought of Reba, his mejo mamima, the woman who had been a constant source of comfort and support throughout his life. The woman he had grown to love in ways he knew were wrong, yet he couldn't deny the pull of his feelings. He had tried long to fight it, to bury it deep within, but the encounter at the wedding house had shattered his resolve.

Rishabh knew that he had to make a choice – to continue down this path of forbidden desire or to walk away and try to salvage what was left of his relationship with Moushumi. But the thought of losing Reba, of never feeling her touch or hearing her gentle voice, was almost too much to bear.

As the sun dipped below the horizon, casting long shadows across the room, Rishabh made a decision. He would have to confront Reba, to lay bare the truth of his feelings and the consequences of their actions. The future was uncertain, but he knew that he couldn't keep living in the shadows, torn between the two women who had captured his heart.

With a deep breath, Rishabh rose from his chair and headed out the door, determined to face the truth, no matter the cost.

Back at the hospital, Reba sat vigil by Abani's bedside, her mind racing with the weight of her secrets. She knew that she couldn't keep the truth from him much longer, that she owed him honesty, even if it meant shattering the life they had built together.

As the night deepened, Reba felt a familiar presence in the room. Turning, she found Rishabh standing in the doorway, his eyes filled with a mixture of concern and longing.

"Rik," she whispered, her voice barely audible. "What are you doing here?"

Rishabh stepped closer, his gaze locked with hers. "Mejo mami , we need to talk. There's something I need to tell you."

Reba's heart pounded in her chest, and she glanced nervously at Abani's sleeping form. "Not here, Rishabh. Not now.please we can talk later however"

"I can't wait any longer, mejo Mami," Rishabh said, his voice low and urgent. "I've made a mess of things, and I need your help to fix it."

Reba's mind raced, her thoughts a whirlwind of emotions. She knew that the time for secrets and lies had come to an end, and that the path forward would be fraught with uncertainty and pain. But as she looked into Rik’s eyes, she knew that she could no longer deny the pull of her own heart.

With a deep breath, Reba nodded, her gaze resolute. "Alright, Rik . Tell me what's happened to you."

The stage was set for a confrontation that would test the very foundations of their family, and Reba braced h

erself for the consequences that were to come

Chapter ,8 

One Morning After Crossing Boundaries

The morning light filtered through the sheer curtains, casting a soft glow in Reba's poshly decorative bedroom. Reba and Rishav were in bed covered with a coloured bed sheet . Reba's head rested on the bare muscular chest of Rshav .Her open hairs spreaded on and around Rishav and In bed. Her both big round breasts rested on Rishav's chest wall. Last night Abani's health deteriorated a lot in the nursing home . He coughed blood and blood transfusion was arranged by Rik as doctor hurried and gave requisition to collect AB negative blood from central blood Bank maniktala,driving his car by him . Reba was afraid as Abani first coughed blood from a lung called hemoptysis. When Abani was stable at 3am night, Rik dropped Reba in her house. She did not allow Rik to drive back to his apartment.Rik wanted to return back in his apartment after dropping Reba at home. They were before Abani's cot till night rolled one AM . Returning to Reba's home it was three past half a night . She didn't allow Rik back in his apartment with another one hour drive.She forced Rik to spend the rest of night in Abani's room and the first time it happened though Rik was damn tired.

As Rishav approached her that late night she hesitated a lot and first pleaded on Abani's conditions. Her children slept by that time in their rooms. She had no option as Rik lift her on his arm and dropped in bed closed door finally to follow Rishav in Abani's bedroom where she responded to rishav and for the first time Rishav opened zip before her wearing only an underpant he sat beside her, exhibited her blood engorged staff . Reba's eyes widened saw his sword first time and she shivered, and whispered “Rik what is doinng? it is sin for both of us? Can you do it with me “ she within next ten minutes was fully seduced and couldn't not utter a further single word when Rik totally naked embraced her strongly with him she melted on his chest brushing her lip on his lip constant and Rik whispered “ no more wait please Reba you are mine today. only for mine I cannot wait more ” ‘Rik’

  She stirred, her eyes slowly fluttering open as the memories of the previous night came rushing back in her brain. A wave of great shyness, emotions and unknown pleasure washed over her - a mix of extreme exhilaration, mixed with guilt, shyness and a deep sense of longing. For the first time some other man( may be he was her nephew ) besides her husband's fingers played like strings of sitar with her half naked body and around her shaved private parts and it was heavenly to her she couldn't resist Rik, she felt several times orgasam, she almost forgot, as his fingers reached often in G point in the semi lit room, she also forgot ailing Abani in nursing home had hemoptysis,her two children sleeping in other room with grand ma, present Abani,’s old mother in হার home.She also actively kissed Rik deep and deeper, took over control of foreplay, played with her tongue inside his mouth, swallowing saliva snaked along with him , whispered in his ear of her, ecstasy ,encouraged him, guided him, bites Rik on his neck, on his shoulder, arms, chest. Her nails scratched on his back muscles, her big circular pelvis simultaneous jerked with Rik , her inside filled up with watery mucus secretion and what not.after long time and some years she was in heaven and she thanked Rik for crossing the boundaries 

Rik lay beside her, his face now peaceful in slumber. Reba's heart raced as she replayed the events that had unfolded just a few hours ago. Rik is so nice in foreplay and to give her heavenly pleasure every moment last night she forgot the test of it. The way their half naked bodies had intertwined, the urgency of their deep kisses, the vulnerability they had shared - it all felt both thrilling heavenly pleasure and next terrifying too for Reba 

Carefully, Reba slipped out of her bed, mindful not to disturb Rik’s sleep. She wrapped herself in a robe and stepped out onto the balcony of the room , taking in the quiet morning air. The municipality town below was just beginning to stir, a perfect reflection of the turmoil within her.

As Reba gazed out, her mind raced with a thousand thoughts. What had they done last night? How could she have allowed this to happen with Rik ? How was she lost with Rik embrace? Sense of Guilt gnawed at her, reminding her of the vows she had made to Abani, her husband, who was battling a terminal illness and yesterday night coughed a lot of blood in the nursing home. And Rik- her beloved nephew, whom she had always cherished as family members. Now, their relationship has crossed an unimaginable line.

Reba's hands trembled as she tried to make sense of it all. She had always been the dutiful wife and mother, the one who put the needs of her family before her own. But last night, in the secrecy of that hidden alcove, she had succumbed to a desire that was so powerful she couldn't resist her more to sleep with Rik and consequence was predestined , it had shattered her carefully constructed facade.

A soft knock on the bedroom door startled Reba, and she hurried back inside, her heart pounding. Rik was stirring, his eyes slowly opening as he took in his surroundings. For a moment, they simply stared at each other, the weight of their actions hanging in the air.

"Reba," Rishabh whispered, his voice laced with a mix of guilt and longing. "What did we do last night ?I hope you enjoyed that"

Reba felt her throat tighten, the words she wanted to say failing her. She had no easy answers for it , no simple solutions to the mess they had created. All she knew was that the connection they had forged was undeniable, even if it went against everything they had been taught.

"I... I don't know, probably “yes " Reba finally replied, her voice barely above a whisper. "But we can't undo what's been done already."

Rishabh sat up, running a hand through his tousled hair. "I'm so sorry, Reba. I never meant for this to happen. I've betrayed Moushumi, and I've betrayed you , betrayed.mom.your family too"

Reba felt a pang of guilt at the mention of Moushumi, Rishabh's fiancée। an architect engineer classmate of Rik . She had always liked the young woman, admiring her confidence and independence. But now, their relationship was irreparably damaged, a casualty of the forbidden desires that had consumed Reba and Rik,Rik told her last night during foreplay 

"What are we going to do?" Rishabh asked, his eyes pleading for guidance.

Reba sighed, her own uncertainty reflecting in her expression. "I don't really know, Rik . All I know is that I can't ignore what happened between us. But I also can't bear the thought of hurting Abani or our children. They're my whole world."

Rishabh reached out and gently took Reba's hand, his touch sending a further shiver down her spine. "I'm here for you, Reba. Whatever happens, we'll figure it out together okay."

Reba squeezed his hand, finding comfort in his words, even as the weight of their situation threatened to overwhelm her. She knew that the path ahead would be arduous, fraught with difficult choices and the potential for heartbreak. But in that moment, with Rik by her side, she felt a glimmer of hope that they could navigate this treacherous terrain. Rishav extended his two hands., Reba hesitated a little and silently stepped in between his hands Rishav gently kissed on her cheek.she flushed red

A sudden knock at the door startled them both, and they quickly pulled them apart, their hands falling to their sides. Reba's heart raced as she moved to open the door, her mind racing with the possibilities of who might be on the other side.

To her relief, it was Aadhya, Reba's eldest child. The 13-year-old girl stood in the hallway, her brow furrowed with concern. "Mom, is everything okay? I heard voices."

Reba forced a reassuring smile, her mind quickly shifting to her role as a mother. "Everything's fine, darling. Rishabh and I were just talking. Come, let's go start breakfast."

Aadhya's eyes darted between Reba and Rishabh, but she nodded and followed her mother down the hall, unaware of the turmoil that had unfolded in the bedroom.

As Reba moved to the kitchen, Rishabh remained behind, his gaze fixed on the spot where Reba had stood. The weight of their actions was palpable, and he knew that the consequences of their desire would soon come to light. With a deep sigh, he rose from the bed and began to gather his clothes, steeling himself for the difficult conversations that lay ahead.

Chapter 9 

Unraveling Truths

The air in the Chatterjee household was thick with unspoken tension as the family gathered for Abani's latest medical update. Reba, her eyes weary from the strain of caregiving, sat beside her husband, holding his hand tightly. Rishabh, ever the dutiful nephew, had accompanied them, his presence a source of both comfort and unease for Reba.

As the doctor delivered the news, Reba's heart sank. Abani's condition had deteriorated further, and the prognosis was grim. She fought back tears, her mind racing with the implications of this latest setback. Rishabh, sensing her distress, placed a reassuring hand on her shoulder, eliciting a fleeting glance that spoke volumes of their forbidden connection.

The family relatives returned home, the weight of Abani's illness was palpable. Reba busied herself with preparing a light meal, desperate to maintain a semblance of normalcy for her children, Aadhya and Arjun. Rishabh hovered nearby, offering to assist, his eyes filled with a mixture of empathy and guilt.

Pratima devi came in kitchen 

"Rik, have you spoken to Moushumi about your wedding plans?" Pratima Devi, Rishabh's mother, interjected, her sharp gaze scrutinizing her son.

Rishabh tensed, the mention of his fiancée stirring a familiar unease within him. "Not recently, Mother. With mamus health, I've been focused on supporting the family."

Pratima Devi pursed her lips, her expression unreadable. "I see. Well, it's important that you don't neglect your own responsibilities. Moushumi has been patient, but even she has her limits."

Reba felt the weight of Pratima Devi's words, her heart aching for Rishabh's predicament. She knew all too well the conflicting loyalties he faced, torn between his familial duties and his growing feelings for her.

As the afternoon wore on, Rishabh found a moment alone with Reba in the kitchen. "Reba, I..." he began, his voice laced with uncertainty. "I don't know how to balance everything. Moushumi is growing impatient, and I..." He trailed off, his gaze meeting hers, a silent plea for understanding.

Reba reached out and gently squeezed his hand, her touch igniting a spark that threatened to consume them both. "I know, Rik . I know." Her words were laced with empathy and a hint of longing.

Their tender moment was shattered by the sound of footsteps, and they quickly pulled them apart, their hearts racing. Pratima Devi stood in the doorway, her eyes narrowed with suspicion.

"Rishabh, a word, if you please," she said, her tone leaving no room for argument.

Rishabh followed his mother to the living room, his stomach in knots. Pratima Devi's expression was unreadable as she studied her son.

"I've noticed a change in you, Rishabh. You seem distracted, and your focus on Moushumi has waned. Is there something you're not telling me?"

Rishabh swallowed hard, his mind racing to find the right words. "Mother, I... I'm just worried about mejo mamu's health. It's been a difficult time for this family."

Pratima Devi's eyes narrowed further. "That may be true, but I sense there's more to it. I'm not blind, Rishabh. I see the way you look at Reba."

Rishabh felt his heart skip a beat, panic rising within him. "Mother, I don't know what you're talking about. Reba is my aunt, and I care for her deeply, but—"

"Don't insult my intelligence, Rishabh," Pratima Devi interrupted, her voice sharp. "I've seen the way you two interact. The stolen glances, the subtle touches. I may be your mother, but I'm not a foolish woman."

Rishabh's mouth went dry, his mind racing to find a way to defuse the situation. "Mother, please, it's not what you think. I would never—"

"Enough," Pratima Devi said, raising her hand. "I will not have this family's reputation tarnished by such scandalous behavior. You must end this... whatever it is, immediately. Do you understand?"

Rishabh felt a wave of despair wash over him. He knew his mother was right, that their relationship was wrong, but the thought of losing Reba was unbearable. "Mother, I—"

"No excuses, Rishabh," Pratima Devi said, her voice laced with finality. "You will marry Moushumi as planned, and you will put this nonsense with Reba behind you. Is that clear?"

Rishabh's shoulders slumped in defeat. "Yes, Mother."

As Pratima Devi swept out of the room, Rishabh felt the weight of his decision crushing him. He had to choose between the woman he loved and the family he had sworn to protect. The thought of losing either one was a fate worse than death.

Reba, sensing the tension, approached Rishabh cautiously. "Rishabh, what happened? Is everything alright?"

Rishabh turned to her, his eyes filled with anguish. "Reba, I... I don't know what to do. My mother, she knows about us. She's demanding that I end this, that I marry Moushumi as planned."

Reba's heart sank, the reality of their situation crashing down around them. "Rik, I'm so sorry. I never wanted this for you, never wanted to cause you pain."

Rishabh reached out and grasped Reba's hands, his touch desperate on her blouse as she was alone.Reba allowed his hands on her blouse His palm pressure she felt exhilarated "Reba, I love you. I can't imagine my life without you now. But my family, my responsibilities... I don't know how to reconcile it all."

Reba felt tears welling in her eyes, her own guilt and longing overwhelming her. "I know, Rishabh. I know. We both are in love I confess. But we have to be realistic now. Your mother is right. This... what we have, it's wrong. We can't continue like this forever. After some years you will be tired of me"

Rishabh's grip tightened, He kissed on blouse now. his eyes pleading. "Reba, please. I don't want to lose you. I can't."

Reba gently pulled her away, her heart breaking. "Rishabh, you have to let me go. For your own sake, and for the sake of your family. For this family This has to end."

Rishabh opened his mouth to protest, but the sound of Moushumi's voice calling his name stopped him. With a heavy heart, he turned and walked away, leaving Reba alone with the weight of their impossible situation.

As the evening drew to a close, Reba sat in the dimly lit living room, her thoughts consumed by the events of the day. The family's secrets had been laid bare, and the consequences were staring them in the face. Reba knew that the path ahead would be arduous, but she was determined to find a way to protect her loved ones, even if it meants acrificing her own happiness

.Chapter 10:

 A Farewell and New Beginnings

The air was thick with grief as Reba sat beside Abani's hospital bed, her husband's once vibrant form now frail and diminished. The rhythmic beep of the machines seemed to mock the silence that had settled over the room, a silence that Reba had grown all too familiar with in the past few weeks.

Abani's condition had deteriorated rapidly, and the doctors had delivered the devastating news – he had mere days left. Reba felt the weight of the world on her shoulders, her mind racing with a thousand thoughts and emotions. Amidst the turmoil, one face kept appearing in her mind – Rishabh, Rik, her own nephew, the one who had become her unexpected source of strength, finances and comfort and security for herself and for her children too he earns a good salary 

 As if summoned by her thoughts, Rishabh stepped into the room, his expression a mix of sorrow and concern. Reba looked up, her eyes brimming with tears, and in that moment, Without a word, Rishabh moved to her side, enveloping her in a tender embrace. Reba , I'm so sorry," he murmured, his voice thick with emotion. "I wish I could take this pain away from you." Reba stepped outside the cabin and in an isolated area clung to him, allowing the tears to flow freely. In the safety of his arms, she felt a glimmer of the comfort she had been searching for, a respite from the overwhelming grief that had consumed her.

"Thank you, Rik ," she whispered, her voice barely audible. "I don't know what I would do without you next ."

The two of them sat in silence on the terrace of the nursing home, the weight of their unspoken feelings hanging in the air. Rishabh's heart ached for Reba, his own guilt and desire warring within him. He had always been drawn to her, his admiration and affection for his aunt deepening with each passing year. But now, with Abani's life hanging by a thread, Rishabh found himself torn between his loyalty to his family and the growing need to be there for Reba in a way that went beyond the bounds of their relationship.

hours ticked by, Reba and Rishabh kept vigil by Abani's bedside, offering each other quiet strength and solace. The sound of Abani's labored breathing was a constant reminder of the fragility of life, and Reba found herself clinging to Rishabh's presence, drawing strength from the warmth of his touch.

The end finally came, Reba's world shattered with the passing away of her husband. She wept openly, her grief a tangible force that threatened to consume her. Rishabh held her close, his own tears mingling with hers, as they mourned the loss of a beloved husband and uncle 

As the funeral proceedings unfolded, Reba's gaze kept returning to Rishabh. His eyes, filled with empathy and a hint of something deeper, spoke volumes. In the midst of their shared grief, a connection blossomed, one that transcended the boundaries of their familial ties. Reba felt a glimmer of understanding pass between them, a silent acknowledgment of the complex emotions they had been harboring.

Aadhya and Arjun, Reba's children, clung to her, their young faces etched with sorrow. Reba often pulled them close, offering what solace she could, her own heart aching for the next future they now faced without their father. The family's world had been irrevocably altered, and Reba found herself adrift, unsure of how to navigate the uncharted waters ahead

The initial shock of Abani's passing away began to subside, Reba found herself more drawn to Rishabh's quiet strength. They would often sit together, sharing memories of Abani, her sweet spent moments with Abani . How she fell in love with Abani in her youth, her home tution teacher ,their wedding , their honeymoon at Shimla, first baby born, they had every little things and finding solace in each other's company. Rishabh's gentle words and unwavering presence soothed Reba's aching sad heart in depression, and she slowly began to let down her guard towards Rik.

One evening, as they sat on the porch alone, watching the sunset, Reba turned to Rishabh, her eyes brimming with vulnerability. "I don't know Rik how I would have gotten through this without you," she whispered, her voice trembling with emotion. Rik," she whispered, her voice barely audible. "I don't know what to do next. I feel so lost without Abani, and yet... there's a part of me that feels alive when you're near me and my children I hope you understand what I want to mean to you if you agree”

Rishabh pulled her close, no one was near them . Reba leaned on Rik’s shoulder rest 

 his lips then brushing against her lip in a tender, and hesitant kiss. Reba didn't protest Rik to press his lips on her "Reba, my love for you is deeper than any societal expectations or moral codes. I want to be here for you, to help you find your way back to happiness. If you'll have me, I'll be by your side, no matter what.”

Reba's eyes widened, the weight of his words sinking in. She knew that what they were doing was considered taboo, a betrayal of the very foundations of their family, her children but it's essential.But in that moment, with Rishabh's arms around her and his lips caressing hers, she felt a sense of peace and belonging that she had been yearning for.Slowly, she nodded, 

Reba suddenly embraced Rik, sat on RiK's lap by herself . The world around them faded away, leaving only the two of them, bound by a love that defied convention and challenged the very fabric of their lives. The road ahead would be arduous, but in each other's arms, Reba and Rishabh found the strength to confront the unraveling truths that lay before them "

The weight of his words hung in the air, and Reba felt a flicker of hope ignite within her. In the midst of her grief, she had found a glimmer of solace, a connection that transcended the boundaries of their familial ties.

In the days that followed, Rishabh became a steadfast pillar of support for Reba and her children. He assisted with the practical matters, the last ritual ,ensuring that the household ran smoothly with his salary and that Reba could focus on her own healing. His presence, once a source of temptation, now offered a sense of security and comfort that Reba had desperately needed..

As the days turned into weeks, months Reba and Rishabh's bond further deepened. They shared quiet moments of laughter and tears, finding comfort in each other's presence. Rishabh's unwavering financial support and understanding allowed Reba to slowly rebuild her shattered self-confidence, and she began to see a future beyond the confines of her grief.

  weeks now turned into months, Reba found herself leaning on Rishabh more and more. His presence provided a sense of economic stability and comfort that she craved, and she found herself drawn to him in a way that transcended the boundaries of their familial relationship. Rishabh, too, found himself falling deeper under Reba's spell, his feelings for her growing more intense with each passing day. In the aftermath, Reba felt adrift, her sense of purpose and identity shaken to the core. The responsibilities she had once shouldered with unwavering dedication now felt like a heavy burden, weighing her down with each passing day. Rishabh, ever the dutiful nephew, stepped in to help with the practical matters, ensuring that the family's needs were taken care of.

One evening, as they sat together in the garden, Reba turned to Rishabh, her eyes shining with a newfound determination. "I want to start over, Rishabh," she said, her voice steady. "I want to find happiness again, and I want you by my side. Will you?"

Rishabh's heart raced as he listened to her words, the weight of their implications settling upon him. He knew the risks, the potential consequences, and the societal judgments they would face. But in that moment, none of that mattered. All he could see was the woman he had come to love, the woman who had captured his heart long ago.

Reaching out, he gently cupped Reba's face, his thumb caressing on her cheek. "Then that's what we'll do," he murmured, "together."

As their lips met a few tender kisses, Reba felt a sense of peace wash over her.Reba kept her head on his shoulder. And whispered “ I am in love with you Rik. I confess it now. I don't want to lose you to any one. I need you more, you have already taken the void of your mejo Mama after he left us forever and now you are part of my world with my children what Mousumi can offer you after yours wedding I hope I can give you much more I swear you “ The weight of her grief had not been lifted, but in Rishabh's embrace, she found the strength to take the first steps towards a new beginning. The future may have been uncertain, but in this moment, they had found solace in each other's arms, ready to face the challenges that lay ahead.

In the year that followed, Reba and Rishabh navigated the delicate balance of their newfound relationship, aware of the potential consequences but unwilling to deny the depth of their feelings. They stole quiet moments together, their conversations laced with a sense of vulnerability and hope. Rishabh's unwavering support and Reba's growing confidence in herself allowed them to weather the initial storms, their love a beacon guiding them through the uncertainty. Rishav is now 26 and Reba stepping 40

Pratima Devi, Rishabh's mother, had always been a formidable presence in their lives, and her reaction to their relationship was a source of concern. However, as Reba and Rishabh confronted her, they were surprised to find a glimmer of understanding in her eyes. Pratima Devi had her own complicated past, and she realized that love, even in its most unconventional forms, could not be easily dismissed.

With Pratima Devi's reluctant acceptance, Reba and Rishabh's relationship began to take shape, their bond strengthening with each passing day. They found solace in each other's embrace, their shared grief and newfound happiness intertwining to create a love that transcended the boundaries of their familial ties.

As they looked towards the future, Reba and Rishabh knew that the road ahead would not be an easy one. But in the midst of their challenges, they had found a love that was worth fighting for, a love that had the power to heal and to guide them towards a brighter tomorrow.

Chapter 11

            Torn Between Two Worlds

Reba sat in the dimly lit her highly Decorative bedroom, the curtains drawn, casting a soft glow over the room. She had just finished putting her children to bed, their small frames curled up under the covers, oblivious to the turmoil that consumed her. With a heavy sigh, she turned her gaze to the bedside table, where a framed photograph of Abani smiled back at her, a constant reminder of the life they had built together.

It had been ten months since Abani's passing, and the weight of her grief still threatened to overwhelm her. Yet, amidst the sorrow, there was a glimmer of something else – a forbidden love and sex desire that had taken root in her heart, one that she could no longer ignore with Rik. She don't want to lose Rik from their life for her and her children's future sake . she promised Abani in his death bed and pratima devi , Riks mother when accepted their relationship 

Rishabh, her beloved nephew, had become now a constant presence in her life, his unwavering support and gentle touch a source of comfort during her darkest days. But their relationship had evolved, blossoming into a connection that went beyond the bounds of familial love. Reba knew that what they shared was wrong, a transgression against the very fabric of their society, and yet she found herself powerless to resist it. Rik now some days spent night in her house if she asks him

As if summoned by her thoughts, Rishabh's familiar footsteps echoed in the hallway, and Reba felt her heart quicken. He appeared at the doorway, his eyes filled with a mix of concern and longing. For some months he didn't attempt to seduce and took Reba in bed, in spite Reba didn't forbid him that and Reba assumed it is essential now for establishing physical intimacy with him to sustain their relationship for their security at least. Reba knows Platonic love can not last long. Moreover, when RiK is young and has vigour,Reba has inner desire . Is Rik avoiding her for the sake of mousumi? Rik calls her by name and Reba allowed it when they are alone. Before others she is respected by mejo mami. Reba smiles 

"Reba, are you alright?" he asked softly, his voice barely above a whisper.

Reba offered him a weary smile, "I'm as well as I can be, Rik . The children are now asleep, and I was just...thinking about you. Are you tired of my love Rik? You lost interest to this family I hope "

Rishabh nodded, understanding the unspoken weight of her words. He moved closer, his hand reaching out to gently caress her cheek. "I'm here just for you, Reba. Always."

Reba leaned into his touch, savoring the warmth and comfort it brought. "I know, my love. But tell me what we are doing...is it right now? .I know you, a young man naturally has your demands. It is natural Rik. I'm now a widow woman of yours, Mejo Mama, I confess I have physical needs too and I want it to be satisfied by you only like the other day. you played so romantic . Your mejo mamu could not ever satisfy my urge as he often ended before my satisfaction and you could do that. You are much more romantic in bed. Your touch electrifies my body and it is true. I love you RiK but what about Moushumi, your lover who awaits you? We can't keep going down this path to deceive her and I don't want to lose you at the same time . I know mausumi will never accept our relationship .No women can share her love with another woman"

Rishabh's brow furrowed, and he pulled his hand away, a flicker of pain crossing his features. "I love you, Reba. I've tried to fight these feelings, but I can't. I don't want to lose you too."

Reba's heart ached at his words, and she reached out to take his hand, giving it a gentle squeeze. "I love you too, Rik . But we can't let this consume us. Moushumi deserves the truth…. and had you told the truth to her , and I...I need to find a way to honor Abani's memory."

Rishabh nodded, his jaw clenched with the weight of his emotions. "I understand. I'll speak to Moushumi, but I won't give up on us, Reba. I can't."

Reba felt a tear slip down her cheek, and she brushed it away quickly. "I don't know what the future holds for us, Rik. All I know is that I'm torn between two worlds, and I need to find a way to reconcile them."

The two sat in silence for a moment, the air thick with now spoken desires and the echoes of a past that could never be reclaimed. Reba knew that she had to make a choice, one that would irrevocably change the course of her life.

As if sensing her inner turmoil, Rishabh reached out and pulled her into a gentle embrace. Reba melted her into his arms, the familiar scent of his cologne enveloping her, and for a fleeting moment, she allowed herself to be lost in his warmth, the weight of her responsibilities momentarily lifted.

But the moment passed, and Reba pulled away, her eyes filled with a newfound resolve. "I need some time, RiK. Time to heal, and to figure out what I want now . I am confused. Can you give me that much time ?"

Rishabh nodded, his expression solemn. "Of course, Reba. I'll wait for you, for as long as it takes."

With that, he pressed a gentle kiss to her forehead and turned to leave, the weight of their spoken out promises hanging in the air. Reba watched him go, her heart torn between the love she felt for Rik and the loyalty she owed to her late husband.

As she settled into the bed, Reba's gaze returned to Abani's photograph, and she whispered a silent prayer, asking for the strength to navigate the treacherous path that lay before her. She knew that the road ahead would be filled with difficult choices, but she was determined to find a way to honor her past while embracing her future, even if it meant letting go of the one thing that had brought her solace in the darkest of times.

Chapter 12:

 Embracing the Forbidden love after demise of Abani 

The morning light filtered through the curtains, casting a warm glow on Reba's face as she stirred awake.Last night she slept with Rik in her husband's room on the same bed, she habituated to sleep before his disease worsened. After the passing away of Abani the room is used now for Rik when he spent the night in this house. This room is also highly decorative with costly wooden furnitures dressing table Almirah sofa showcases singhasan for Abani's last portrait and colorful curtains hanging in windows and doors and floor carpets 

Her eyes fluttered open, and for a moment,Reba was disoriented, unsure of where she was. Then, the memories of the last night came rushing back, and she felt a surge of emotional shyness coursing through her veins. Almost nine months have passed since her husband left this world and Rik is supporting her family. Last night she herself obstructed Rik from driving back to his apartment as there was a Storm,lightning and rain in the evening. At night she cooked chicken preparation for Rik and for children .Rik spent the evening with Ayadha and Arjun . He didn't disturbed her except once , she came to the balcony and Rik was smoking. She rebuked Rik for smoking. Rik threw away cigarette immediately and embraced her for a kiss She took a tender kiss and pulled away him whispered “ No Rik the children are awake you should have some sense at least” Rik whispered “ They won't come now please “ He brushed lips on her and cupping one her heavy breasts on green blouse. She remained quite stand still and her inner fire ignited and she made her sek ready for night play. She stared at him with her lust and quickly left the place. She felt longing for tonight . After her children had dinner and went to bed. They both had dinner, she offered him old wine kept unused in Abanis Almirah. Rik first hesitated to have drinks but Reba encouraged him to chiarse with her. She knew the consequences of it and did it purposefully. She mixed a stimulant tablet in drink so that Rik could take her. Her body felt tanned and ready for Rik. She slept in her bed with her children and waited for Rik ,Rik came in thirty minutes in her room. She pretended to be asleep. Both the medicine and whisky worked on Rik she felt. Rik silently sat beside her and pressed on her chest over costly nighty she opened her eye ,saw Rik sitting by her side , allowed him to kiss and cupping her voluminous breasts for some time and stared at his huge bulge she whispered “not here my love, let's go in your bed where we may be free to talk on many issues” she sat on bed and tied her hairs in khopa

Both looked at Ambani's last portrait in frame on the showcase and Rik was so excited he could not wait more extended both arms strongly dragged, embraced her. She first looked at her sleeping daughter ayadhya and son Arjun and with deep ecstasy embraced Rik placing her lips under Rik. They kissed deep and more deep biting each until moaning of pleasure came out from her throat .Riks finger was moving all around her. she repeatedly whispers to Rik to take her in his bed, not in front of children so she can be free to be active with him. Finally Rik managed to lift her in his arm and somehow came in room where her late husband Abani spent her last days before being hospitalised 

Beside her, Rik lay sleeping deep, half covered with a costly coloured printed fabric bed sheet on his waist. His masculine features are softened by the tranquility of slumber. Reba stared at his body for some time and sighed off. Really Rik may be a nice match for her next life and her children. Reba couldn't help but reach out and gently traced the contours of his face, sharp tip of nose, eyelids, eyebrows, thick lips ,chin , neck , his muscular body, his now flaccid innocent snake , deep jungle of black hairs , poisonous glands within scrotum as if sleeping in between his groin marveling at the depth of their connection. Flashed in memory their last night play was then spontaneous ,she agreed on, her lips brushed many times on It's black skin so spontaneously , Gently nurtured the snake by fingers carefully , spread its fang hard from blood flow through cavernous spongiosum ,to be in shelter successfully and was also pleasurable foreplay to Rik, though both were hesitant first . She herself guided the path when it slipped Rik attempted and she laughed in c minor chord at his failures, before she guided the snake fang .it was of average contour around 8 Inches pitched black cobra snake with fang , prominent marks , brick hard and strong enough and cobra stayed in till her satisfaction and several times cervical glands orgasms small and large ejectile,she felt. Reba same time jerked her elegant round pelvis laying bottom along with Rik ,clinching strongly Rik’ s muscles scratching his muscles and firmly encircled his waist with her long legs .They were both over breathing and sounds of her breath ,moan , from inside new costly linen mosquito net broke silence of dark room , she kissed him every time, she felt her orgasam when cobras fang rubbed her G point inside was heavenly sensation she got long years after, before birth of Avaya.There were none in dark room more to hide their acts besides Riks mejomamu in two dimensional frame portrait in singhasan and she worshiped him twice in morning and evening ,Rik sometimes whispered rather “ mamu listening us Reba “ she whispered ”let him , your mejomamu could never gave me such a heavenly pleasure in our married life ever “ He rolled in bed asking her whether her satisfaction reached at peak and when she confessed with her shyness “ yes Rik? several smalls and large and thank you so much for it . You tell me just if I am also good enough for you last night and better than mousumi I promised you . I shall be yours from now ”

 Rik is a good lover in bed reaching her G point by his finger too as if every fiber of her being had been awakened, and she knew that there was no further going back. Both felt sleepy and RIK slept instantly earlier, she stepped into the bathroom to wash.

Slowly, Rishabh's eyes opened, and he met Reba's gaze with a mixture of tenderness,love and apprehension too. "Good morning," he whispered, his voice laced with uncertainty.

Reba offered him a bittersweet smile. "Good morning." She paused, her fingers intertwining with his on his chest hairs . He rolled towards Reba. "What are we going to do, Rik next?"Rishabh lyed beside her, his hand gently resting on her shoulder, offering silent support. They had spent the better part of the last night talking, sifting through the complexities of their relationship and the consequences of their actions. It had been a difficult conversation, laced with guilt, fear, and the overwhelming desire to be together.

"Reba, my love ,I know this isn't easy," Rishabh said, his voice low and soothing. "But I want you to know that I'm here for you, no matter what. I'm willing to face the consequences of our choices together.”

Reba turned to him, her eyes shining with a mix of gratitude and trepidation. "I've never felt more conflicted in my life. But being with you, Rishabh, it feels right, in a way I can't even begin to explain."

She took his hand, intertwining their fingers. "I've spent so many years trying to be the perfect wife and mother, denying my own desires. But now, I can't ignore the way my heart aches for you.”

Reba took a deep breath, her gaze shifting to the framed photograph of Abani that stood on the dresser. "Abani was a good man, and I loved him dearly. But our relationship was never truly fulfilling, not in the way I craved." She paused, her voice trembling slightly. "I feel guilty for even admitting that, but I can't deny it any longer."

Rishabh moved closer, wrapping his arms around Reba and pulling her into a comforting embrace. "You don't have to feel guilty, Reba. Msmh would want you to be happy, to find the fulfillment you deserve. And I promise to do everything in my power to make you happy, no matter the cost.”

He sighed off , the weight of their situation palpable in the air. "I don't know Reba. I've been asking myself the same question all night." Rishabh fingers on her breasts, his eyes searching hers. "You are nice women, I can't ignore how I feel about you, Reba. But I also can't ignore the consequences of our actions if it makes you pregnant."

Reba nodded, her heart heavy with the realization of the challenges they faced. "I know it . I must take all the protection, you should also, she smiled. What about Moushumi Rik ,? the family,? your mother pratima? the social stigma ? – it's all so overwhelming." She took a deep breath, her resolve strengthening. "But I don't want to live the rest of my life wondering 'what if.'and what if

. I want a stable life with you and my two children I need you seriously Rik"

Rishabh's eyes widened, and with his hand he pulled her again close, she also moved her entire half naked body on him and lay on him like a baby girl, his embrace enveloping her in a sense of safety and comfort. "Are you sure, Reba? Are you willing to risk everything for this?"

Reba brushed her brown nipple against his lips , her voice barely above a whisper. " Please suck them like a little baby. Looking so nice yet ?not that , Yes, RiK . I am. I've never been more sure of anything now in my life."

Their lips now met first in a tender, searing kiss, then tight kisses for some times, stared at each other while deep kisses ,swallowed saliva and in that moment, the world outside started fading away. Rishav rolled her half naked body back on the bed and pillow . she is ready to accept him and he sat between her legs wide separate , Reba burst out in sweet laugh squeezed his tip of nose “ you are really growing romantic again and now in morning ? look at the wall clock it is 7 AM past. your mejomamu also liked it in morning time besides children you think how naughty he was . you too ? They were then lost further in silence, their bodies and souls intertwined, a silent declaration of their commitment to this love as RiK penetrated her without any assistance ,she smiled, pinched his cheek and whispered more deeply. She raised her neck, looked at the place and whispered a perfect fit. God chose this for us Is that not Rik? 

When they finally parted, both were breathless, their eyes were shining with a mixture of joy, pleasure and trepidation. Rishabh cupped Reba's face, his thumb caressing her cheek.

Reba melted into his touch, allowing the warmth of his embrace to soothe her troubled soul. "I know, Rishabh. And that's why I've made my decision. I'm ready to take this leap with you, to face the world and all its judgments, because being with you is the only thing that truly matters to me now."

They held each other in silence for a moment, the weight of their decision palpable in the air. Reba knew that the road ahead would be fraught with challenges, but the thought of facing them with Rishabh by her side filled her with a sense of purpose and hope

"Then we'll face it together, Reba. Whatever comes our way, we'll confront it head-on. I'm with you, no matter what."

Reba felt a weight lift from her shoulders, and she allowed herself to bask in the warmth of Rishabh's words. She knew the road ahead would be arduous, but with him by her side, she felt a newfound sense of strength and purpose.

As they dressed and prepared to face the day, Reba couldn't help but wonder how their family and friends would react to their new relationship. The thought of Moushumi's heartbreak and Pratima Devi's disapproval weighed heavily on her mind, but she pushed those concerns aside, focusing instead on the connection she shared with Rishabh.

When they emerged from the room, Reba was surprised to find Pratima Devi waiting for them, her expression unreadable. Rishabh tensed, bracing himself for the inevitable confrontation, but to their astonishment, Pratima Devi's features softened, and she approached them with a sigh.

"I' ve known Rishabh. I've known for a long time." She turned her gaze to Reba, her eyes filled with a mixture of empathy and understanding. "And I know that this is not a decision you've made lightly."

Reba felt her heart skip a beat, and she instinctively reached for Rishabh's hand, drawing strength from his presence.

Pratima Devi continued, "I won't pretend to understand the depth of your feelings, but I know that love is not something we can control." She paused, her expression pensive. "I've made my own mistakes in the past, and I won't condemn you for following your heart."

Rishabh and Reba exchanged a bewildered glance, their fingers intertwined as they waited with bated breath for Pratima Devi's next words.

"If this is what you truly want, then I will not stand in your way." Pratima Devi's voice was laced with a hint of resignation, but there was also a glimmer of acceptance. "Just promise me that you will be discreet and that you will not bring further pain to this family."

Reba felt a wave of relief wash over her, and she nodded, her eyes shining with gratitude. "Thank you, Pratima dee nnu bbi We will be very careful, and we will do our best to honor the family's legacy."

Pratima Devi offered them a somber nod, her gaze lingering on their joined hands. "I hope you find the happiness that has eluded us for so long."

With that, she turned and left, leaving Reba and Rishabh in a state of stunned silence. They stood there, their hearts racing, the weight of their decision settling upon them like a cloak of both trepidation and liberation.

Rishabh further pulled Reba into a tight embrace, his lips pressing against her forehead. "We did it, Reba. We've taken the first step."

Reba nodded, her arms encircling his waist as she savored the warmth of his touch. "Yes, Rishabh. And now, we must navigate the path ahead, together."

They knew that the road before them would be fraught with challenges, but in that moment, they were united, their love a beacon of hope that would guide them through the shadows of societal expectations and familial obligations.

they pulled apart, Rishabh cupped Reba's face in his hands, his eyes shining with a mixture of love and determination. "I promise to cherish you, Reba, and to do everything in my power to make this work. We'll navigate this together, no matter what comes our way."

Reba nodded, a small smile tugging at the corners of her lips. "I know, my love. And I'm ready to take this journey with you, to embrace a new beginning and find the happiness we both deserve.”

they stepped out into the morning light, hand in hand, Reba felt a renewed sense of purpose. The path ahead was uncertain, but she was no longer resigned to the constraints of her past. With Rishabh, she would forge a new future, one where their love and their dreams could blossom and thrive, defying the conventions that had once held her captive.

As they stepped out into the world, hand in hand, Reba felt a sense of renewed purpose. She was no longer resigned to the constraints of her life; instead, she was embracing the forbidden, determined to forge a future where her desires and her family's well-being could coexist in harmony

Theend

.

My short story no 2

  “He is my sir”

Author -;

Prof. Dr.Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, WBMES (Retired) Ex Retired Professor,and Head Dept. of Pathology department, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108,C.R.Avenue, Kolkata -700073, West Bengal, india

Department of Health and Family Welfare (WBMES wing), Government of West Bengal

Equivalent officiating Rank ,he was retired -: "Special Secretary " to the Government of West Bengal

Post retirement posts he served -:

Ex- Principal / Dean of JMN Medical College, JMN Educational and Research Foundation, UttarPanchpota, Chakdaha, District- Ranaghat ,West Bengal, India, pin 741222 (now under 1rst LOI of NMC New Delhi ; affiliation with WBUHS)

 Ex Professor and Head of Pathology Department JIS School of Medical Sciences and Research ( under JIS University , Nilgange, Agarpara, 24 parganas North ) jagacha 

santragachi, Howrah District, West Bengal pin 7111302( under 1rst LOP of recognition of NMC, New Delhi)

At present ( since 19.12.2023 to till date)

Present Principal / Dean of Krishnanagar Institute of Medical Sciences , Bhatjangla, Palpara more , Krishnanagar, District -Nadia, West Bengal , India 741101( a upcoming UG private company Medical College under WBUHS affiliation) 

Kim krishnanagar@gmail.com

Email profpkb@yahoo.co.in

prof.pranab@Gmail.com (lessused)

Copy right 

Belongs primarily to Prof. Dr. Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya under strict Copyright acts and laws of Intellectual Property Rights of World Intellectual Property Rights organisations ( WIPO) , RDF copyright rights acts and laws and PIP copyright acts of USA 2012 where Prof Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya is a registered member . Please Don't try ever to infringe the copyright of the manuscript to protect yourself from criminal offences suit file in court of law in any places of india and by civil law for compensation in few millions US dollar or in pounds or in Euro in any court of laws

                     He is my sir”

In the heart of Krishnanagar City, West Bengal , a new private Medical college was blossoming from 2023, its walls still fresh and the scent of paint lingering in the air. The responsibility lied with Debraj an Mtech and Mr Suprakas . There are others: Souvik, Nishan , Rajesh, krishnendu, ushashi, swadhin ,som, soumya, koyel, Supriya , sayandip and many vibrant youths contributing in different executive posts. The Morning sun streamed through the small windows of the Human Resources department, casting a warm glow over a cluttered desk piled high with papers. Ankhana celebrated 39 birthdays, known popularly as “Ankhi “ to her colleagues, sat there in the HR manager chair , tapping her pen against her notepad. Her brow furrowed in serious concentration, she was an imposing, dominating figure in her tailored suit, exuding as if an air of suprimo authority that was both respected and same was feared by subordinate staffs of the institute 

 _“Madam, do you have a moment?” Riya, a junior HR staff member, peeked in hesitantly.

 _“Make it quick, Riya,” Ankhi replied, her tone crisp. “I’ve got a meeting with the new appointed CEO at one Pm.”

 Riya shuffled so nervously at her pitch. “I just wanted to discuss the onboarding process for the new facultIes I think we might need—”

 _“Need? Oh Riya ! We need more efficiency, not more paperwork,” Ankhi interrupted, her voice rising slightly. “We can’t have delays. Get it sorted out.”Her voice sharpened," What is Krishnendu doing here now? Has he completed the salary sheet of this month for staff and faculties? .

 Riya nodded and retreated, leaving Ankhi to her thoughts. She glanced at the clock, feeling a ripple of anxiety. The new CEO, Pinak, was known for his aggressive strategies to bring his faculties and staffs here and a conspiracy going for displacing her chair too, and Ankhi had already clashed with him with her strong ego and her disrespect over the directions he wanted to take the college.

 “Knock, knock!” came a jovial voice, cutting through her thoughts.

 Professor Falgun, the first appointed principal of this medical college, from December 2023, entered the room with a warm smile on his lip ‘ “Good morning all! Hope everyone and everything is going frantastic “ His presence was always a welcome distraction for Ankhi. He stood 5 feet 1 Inch , a bit short, lean structured, very simply dressed with, his silver hair framing a kind face that held much wisdom and patience.He is a world famous scientist won 09 university medals, 16 Lifetime achievement awards and 23 others awards with CV of 89 pages -a famous pathologist in abroad and national besed a well-known teacher at doctora level in pathology , but a toughest examiner too .

 _“Welcome sir, & good morning!” Ankhi stood up from her chair, adopting a more congenial tone. “Just the person I needed to see right now.”

 _“Is that so?” “why? “he replied, leaning casually against the doorframe. “I thought you were too busy with your ‘efficiency’ plans.in fact you are always busy with your works for faculties appointment ,position, attendance here “

 Ankhi felt a red blush creep up her cheeks. _“I’m managing sir. Just dealing with some… personnel issues.”

 _“You mean with Pinak our new CEO ?” Professor Falgun raised an eyebrow.

 _“Precisely sir. He’s already trying to impose his wrong ideas and strategy without consulting me at all. It’s infuriating! Is that not sir? ” Ankhi ran a hand through her hair,a sense of frustration bubbling beneath her composed exterior.

 _“Have you talked to him about it?” Falgun asked, tilting his head slightly. “A conversation might help ease the tension.and situation”

 _“Talk with him sir?” never sit? I shall talk with that idiot, you mean it so sir knowing everything he joined? Ankhi scoffed. “He has no respect for the HR department. Not for me .He sees me as an obstacle to his plans. The institute will suffer in the future one day. I predicted that and you remained blind to him.you adore him sir?

 _“That’s not true madam,” Falgun said gently. “You’re of course a vital pillar of this institution. But you have to meet him halfway. You can’t expect him to understand your perspective if you don’t share it.”

 Ankhi sighed, her shoulders slumping. “I suppose. It’s just… I don’t want to lose my control for that stupid person. He is Ravana.I should slap two people here if I could . Him and his right hand krishnendu. They are against me to management and complaining always”

 Falgun stepped closer and sat on a chair, his voice low and reassuring._ “You won’t lose control, Ankhi madam. You have more power than you realise. Just remember why we’re all here—”

 _“To provide the best education for our students,” Ankhi finished, a spark of determination igniting within her.

 _“Exactly.” Falgun smiled, a warm glow enveloping the room. “Now, about that meeting…”

 As the two of them walked down the corridor, Ankhi’s mind raced. She admired always Falgun’s easy confidence; he was the kind of man as leader who inspired her work, loyalty by constant appreciation and by submitting him to her. The thought of confessing her feelings—more than admiration—twisted her stomach. But she couldn’t afford distractions, not with the stakes so high.

 One pm in the conference room. “Good afternoon, everyone!” Pinak’s voice boomed as he entered the room, cutting through the camaraderie. His presence was always commanding, and everyone straightened in their seats. “I hope you’re ready to make some changes around here.”

 _“Changes? What changes? ” Ankhi muttered under her breath.she can't tolerate Pinak as CEO of this medical college.Neither Pinaks voice 

 _“Let’s start with the faculty. I’ve been reviewing your current staff, and I believe we need to bring in more ‘qualified’ dedicated permanent individuals than ghosts and guests. Those who can elevate our institution,” Pinaki continued, fixing his gaze on HR manager Ankhi.

 _“Qualified?” she shot back, her voice steady despite the fire in her belly. “Are you suggesting our current faculty lack competence as per NMC criteria I recruited? You're Insulting my capability as HR ”

 Pinak shrugged, a smirk playing on his lips. “I always believe in progress dear madam. Sometimes that means making tough decisions madam and I as CEO don't need your nods here for the benefits of the institution do I.? ”I am in a hig hierarchy madam here. 

 Ankhi clenched her fists under the table, her heart pounded in her chest. “And what about the existing dynamics? You can’t just uproot everything without considering the impact it will have on NMC nods , on our students and staff.”

 _“Enough with the emotional appeals, Ankhi madam ,” he countered, his tone dismissive. “This is about results.”

 _“Results require collaboration,” Falgun interjected, his voice calm yet firm. “Madam Ankhi is more or less the right pinak. This college thrives on teamwork. We can’t afford to alienate our faculty.”

 Pinak’s expression hardened. _“You’re both too attached to the old ways sir. It’s time to adapt or be left behind.”

 As the discussion escalated, Ankhi felt the walls closing in. She glanced at principal Falgun, who remained composed, but she could sense his concern. The meeting ended with unresolved tension, leaving Ankhi seething.

 Later that evening, she found herself wandering the college grounds, the sun setting in vibrant hues of orange and pink. She paused by the fountain, its water bubbling softly. The serenity was a stark contrast to her inner turmoil.

 _“Ankhi madam?” Falgun’s voice broke through her reverie.

 She turned, surprised to see him there. _“I didn’t expect you to be here sir.”

 “I needed some fresh air too. You looked troubled in the meeting,” he said, concern etched on his face.

 _“It’s CEO sir and his conspiracy to force me to resign here. He doesn’t see the bigger picture. He thinks he can just impose his will without understanding the consequences,” Ankhi confessed, her voice trembling slightly.

 Falgun stepped closer, his presence calming to ankhi. “You’re passionate about this place. That’s admirable.”

 _“Passionate? Fooh !More stubborn,” she replied, a bitter laugh escaping her lips. “I don’t want to let anyone walk all over me.or I shall resign I am here just for your words sake. I have such good offers outside this state . Moreover, the environment here is toxic. people here are toxic and krishnanagar weather doesn't suit my health”

 _“Stubbornness can be a strength,” Falgun said thoughtfully. “But you must choose your battles wisely. Sometimes, it’s better to negotiate than to fight. you both want to do justice for this institute? I think you must not be dominating overwhelming power and not feudal “ must not be like Merry Turner of book “Grass is singing “ of Dorris lessing 

 Ankhi looked up at him, her heart racing. _“And what if I can’t negotiate with him ? What if I have to fight with him? And what if I like MrsTurner? ”

 “Then okay, you fight, but at least do it with dignity,” he encouraged. “You’ve got this, Ankhi madam. I believed in you always respectfully and I mean it”

 His words hit her with an unexpected force, igniting a flicker of hope. _“You really think of me so sir ? you respect me, sir? It is enough for my life”

 _“I know so. You’re stronger than you realise,” Falgun assured her, his gaze unwavering.

 Just then, the sound of laughter echoed from the nearby cafeteria, drawing their attention. Students were gathering, the atmosphere vibrant and carefree.

 _“Let’s join them madam,” Falgun suggested, a smile breaking across his face.

 Ankhi hesitated, her mind still tangled in thoughts of Pinak -a Ravana to her . But Falgun’s warmth was too infectious for her . Why was it so? She could not solve this trigonometric formula. She loves her husband too. Why was Falgun then always infectious to her. That's not healthy. “Alright, sir just for a moment.”

 As they walked towards the noise, Ankhi felt lighter in Head. Surrounded by laughter and camaraderie, she could almost forget the mounting pressure.

 “Ankhi madam ! Principal sir !” a voice called out. It was Riya , krishnendu ,pritam ,som debraj usashi ajoy mithun , waving them over. “Join us!”

 They sat together, the air filled with playful banter and teasing. Ankhi found herself laughing, the sound of her laughing bright and unrestrained. For a moment, the weight of her responsibilities faded away.

 _“See? This is what it’s all about,” Falgun said, leaning back in his chair, his eyes sparkling with joy.

 _“Maybe you’re right,sir ” Ankhi admitted, a smile lingering on her lips._ “But once I get back to work table, I’ll need to strategise.”

Falgun chuckled, “Always the strategist!””After all you are a woman, madam. don't ignore nature” a woman must be like women - not a man “

As the night wore on and the laughter continued, Ankhi felt a sense of belonging that had eluded her for so long. She had fought against her own emotions, her fears, her insecurity, her stability,her loneliness in the flat and now, perhaps, she could learn to embrace them. Is she suffering from short of Panic or anxiety disorders with insomnia here? 

 “Ankhi Madam!” Pinak’s voice cut through the merriment, his presence looming like a dark cloud to ankhi . “We need to discuss the faculty changes again.”

 ,_“Now? Are you a stupid ? ” Ankhi asked, annoyance creeping in. “Can’t it wait until next morning?”

 “No,” he replied firmly. “It’s time to make decisions.”

 Ankhi looked at the principal Falgun, seeking for her support. He nodded subtly, his expression encouraging. “You can handle this,” he mouthed.

 Taking a deep breath, Ankhi stood up. “Fine, let’s talk.”

 In the dimly lit corridor, Ankhi faced Pinaki. _“You CEO sir need to understand that drastic changes will create instability for the institute. Our faculty has worked hard to build a cohesive team.”

 _“And that’s precisely why we need to shake things up,” Pinaki insisted, crossing his arms. “You’re too emotionally attached.and sticking to single”

 _“I’m attached because I care about this institution,” Ankhi shot back, her voice was firm. _“You’re thinking purely in terms of numbers. It’s about more than that.”

 _“Numbers translate towards success madam,” he replied, his tone condescending.

 _“Success is built on trust, respect” she countered, feeling the heat of the argument rising. _“If you alienate our staff, you’ll lose their loyalty. That’s not a recipe for success.”

 Pinak’s expression hardened, but Ankhi pressed on._ “You can’t just bulldoze through this. You need to listen to the people who work here. I won’t let you ignore their voices.”

 An awkward silence settled between them, tension crackling in the air. _“I’m not here to be liked,and ignored by HR ” Pinak said finally.

 _“No one is asking you to be liked,” Ankhi replied, her heart racing. “But if you want to lead effectively, you need to earn their respect too”

 Pinaki narrowed his eyes, but there was a flicker of uncertainty. _“I’ll consider your perspective.andI am much respectful here rather you're not madam . Ask any one ”

 _“Good. That’s all from you? I shall ask,” Ankhi said, relief flooding her. “We’re in this together. Let’s work on a plan that serves everyone.”

 As she walked away, the weight of heaviness on her chest began to fill again . She had stood her ground, and for the first time, she felt a sense of empowerment over. 

 Returning to principal Falgun, she found him waiting with a proud smile. “Well done, madam Ankhi. You stood your ground.”

 “I’m learning from you the best,” she replied, her heart swelling. “Thank you for always believing in and in favour of me.”

 _“Always,” he said softly, his eyes warm. “Remember, it’s okay to be vulnerable. We’re all human.”

 As the night deepened, Ankhi felt a growing connection to Falgun, a bond forged in shared struggles and triumphs. Perhaps, in navigating this complex landscape of power dynamics and hidden emotions in her, she could also find the courage to embrace her feelings for him.

 In the days that followed, Ankhi faced challenges with renewed vigour. Conversations with Pinak became less confrontational, evolving into constructive discussions. Each small victory built her confidence, and with Falgun’s encouragement, she began to forge alliances among the faculty.

 On a particularly busy afternoon, she found herself in the staff room with Riya and the other HR colleagues. The air was filled with camaraderie, laughter bouncing off the walls.

 “I can’t believe how far we’ve come,” Riya said, grinning. “You really took charge with Pinak madam!”” Director told him to ask you first what changes he wants to do for the college. It means you know it Madam….?

_“Yes it means I am suprimo here. “It’s all about finding common ground too,” Ankhi replied, her heart swelling now with pride. “And listening to each other.”

“Speaking of listening, have you thought about talking to principal Falgun?” Riya nudged playfully.

 Ankhi’s heart suddenly skipped a beat. “What do you mean by that?”

 “Oh, come on madam, “ Riya smiled. “He may have just a soft spot for you .But he considers you as her little daughter, a children's wish is that not madam? You two have a connection!”

 Ankhi felt her cheeks a bit flushed now; she quickly changed the subject, but the seed of a possibility had been planted much before in ankhi. As the days turned into weeks, she found herself waiting at sir Falgun, dominating him on his control of blood sugar ,smoking cigarettes, mixing with Pinaki, krishnendu, their conversations growing deeper, more personal, on universe on particle physics on nobel literature and sometimes political with TMC 

 One evening, as the sun dipped below the horizon, casting a golden hue over the college, Falgun approached her outside the building. “Ankhi, are you free for a moment?”

 _“Of course sir,” she replied, her heart a bit racing for nothing. what she was expecting from him? 

 _“I wanted to discuss the upcoming faculty meeting agenda,” he said, but there was a hesitation in his voice.Ankhi frustrated .what an unromantic person this old man is? Nonsense? Is it time for fixing the agenda of faculty meetings?!

 _“Is something that is bothering you right now sir ?” Ankhi asked, sensing the heaviness on her chest choking in her vocal cords

 “It’s just… I appreciate your dedication. You’ve been a stabilising force here,” he admitted, his gaze intense. Okay okay maybe later “But I wonder if you’re also taking care of yourself.”

Ankhi blinked, taken aback. “I’m fine,sir really.” ankhi first time wear a colour full saree for him and he didn't appreciate it even 

_“Are you?” Falgun stood behind her. “You’ve been under a lot of pressure. Is that not? ”

_“I can handle it sir,” she assured him, but the sincerity in his eyes made her pause. “But there’s something I need to address.”

_“What is it?” he asked, leaning closer.

Taking a deep breath, Ankhi gathered her thoughts. “I’ve been so focused on the college, on loyalty to company, loyal to employers and on proving myself… I haven’t really acknowledged what’s been growing between us.if at all ”

“Between us? truly ? What's growing on ankhi? I hope it's nothing at all ” Falgun’s eyes widened slightly, a flicker of hope igniting within them? .

“Yes,sir ” Ankhi said, her voice steady . “I care much about you here, is that not sir? . More than I realised.”

 Falgun’s expression softened, a smile breaking through. “I’ve probably felt the same way, but I didn’t want to overstep that . You are like my daughter Ankhi. She is 23 and you are 39. That's the difference. you are like a child but a good hearted lady.that's all to me

 _Ankhi felt a rush of sudden break wash over her. “So, what do we do about it? You didn't ever feel love for any lady sir? Can't you feel that sir? And you say you respect much all ladies! 

_ Me? Falgun smiled on his black thick lips pigmented with tobacco spots. Ignited a cigarette with a match stick .Who cared for a

Short story

                Rebeka 

Author -;Prof. Dr.Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, WBMES (Retired) Ex Retired Professor,and Head Dept. of Pathology department, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108,C.R.Avenue, Kolkata -700073, West Bengal, indiaDepartment of Health and Family Welfare (WBMES wing), Government of West Bengal। Equivalent officiating Rank ,he was retired -: "Special Secretary " to the Government of West Be

Post retirement posts he served -:Ex- Principal / Dean of JMN Medical College, JMN Educational and Research Foundation, UttarPanchpota, Chakdaha, District- Ranaghat ,West Bengal, India, pin 741222 (now under 1rst LOI of NMC New Delhi ; affiliation with WBUHS)

 Ex Professor and Head of Pathology Department JIS School of Medical Sciences and Research ( under JIS University , Nilgange, Agarpara, 24 parganas North ) jagacha santragachi, Howrah District, West Bengal pin 7111302( under 1rst LOP of recognition of NMC, New Delhi)

At present ( since 19.12.2023 to till date) Present Principal / Dean of Krishnanagar Institute of Medical Sciences , Bhatjangla, Palpara more , Krishnanagar, District -Nadia, West Bengal , India 741101( a upcoming UG private company Medical College under WBUHS affiliation) 

Email profpkb@yahoo.co.in

Copy right 

Belongs primarily to Prof. Dr. Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya under strict Copyright acts and laws of Intellectual Property Rights of World Intellectual Property Rights organisations ( WIPO) , RDF copyright rights acts and laws and PIP copyright acts of USA 2012 where Prof Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya is a registered member . Please Don't try ever to infringe the copyright of the manuscript to protect yourself from criminal offences suit file in court of law in any places of india and by civil law for compensation in few millions US dollar or in pounds or in Euro in any court of laws

The warm summer breeze carried the scent of jasmine as Rebeka, 38 , married, housewife , mother of two boys (12 and 08) stepped out of her modest home, situated in the heart of Baidyabati village of Howrah district ,West Bengal. It was a typical afternoon in this small, close-knit sub urban community, where everyone knew everyone else's business. Rebeka, a typical bengali middle socioeconomic class housewife fair fatty forty trapped her entire life after her love marriage with Abani and being mother of two children, between her all household duties from morning 6am to night 11pm her children, I'll health husband ( cancer lung patient for last one year) and her hidden inner desires in life as liked almost all women have , sighed as she made her way to the nearby market for groceries shopping of her family .Reba has a higher school leaving certificate before she married Abani her once private teacher 

 _"Reba di, you're looking lost in some thoughts today, is that true?," Sima, her closest friend, greeted her with a warm smile. How is Abani da today?I hope to be a little better with targeted immuno medicine. They had been friends since their childhood, sharing all secrets and supporting each other through life's trials and struggle .Sima felt sorry for her when Abani was diagnosed with lung cancer a year back . She knows the fate. Reba also prepared mentally and adjusted her for outcome 

 Rebeka ( Reba ) however managed a faint smile on her lips, her thoughts drifting to the very recent events, happened suddenly in a wedding ceremony house they went to as invitee and spent there a sinful midnight, that had unsettled her tough , yet unfulfilling, life since that happened. "Sima, I need to talk seriously to you about something... Very private."Rebeka spoke hesitantly 

 Sima's eyes widened with her curiosity. "Of course, of course, come, let's get some tea and biscuits at my flat . I am free now. Pallav is on tour for next three days,Bubai in hostel and alone I am"

 As they walked on the road, Reba's mind raced. “Could I share this very secret in my life ? Should I at all tell her ? What would people say if they knew about it ?

 Sipping the steaming tea, Reba began, her voice low and much hesitant , trembling with some kind of fear_ "You know Rishav, nephew , in laws house… you saw him of course severals , he came in our home support his treatment our family and you talked also"

 _"The handsome young ? newly passed electronic engineer from IIT ? He also ranked in the Board exam ,didn't he? He got a good job in TCS you told me a year ago , helps yours a lot economically for Abani das treatment, you also told me that . What's about him?" Sima's interest was piqued.

 "I... I think I've fallen for him. It's absurd,Sima I know it…I know it …but I couldn't control myself that night, believe me we did that . I love Abani no doubt in it, but I can't deny my feelings also anymore for him too" Reba's voice cracked, revealing her inner turmoil.

 Sima's eyes widened further, almost popping out of their sockets. "Rebadi ! This is... scandalous! Ridiculous। You could find out some other man for you. He's your nephew! Mind it Much younger and you did that ? Are you crazy?"

 "I know it Sima, I know ! It happened . Reba sneezed and it happened somehow . But it's not like he's a child now. He's a grown man of 24, and I saw that... I can't help but feel this way. He's so charming, so handsome, so different from the boys here." Reba's words tumbled out, her embarrassment momentarily forgotten in her rush to confess what happened that night.

 "Oh, Rebadi , be very careful be shsmefull. These feelings , they can be dangerous for your family and for you too . You have a good family, a reputation to uphold."

 "I know, that's why I'm tormented by Sima. I still love Abani my hubby, we had a love marriage too. but he's been unwell for so many years. His lung cancer,asthma and COPD with diabetes, they've taken a toll on our... intimate life. He is unable..He will not live long I know it. Maximum a year more and I shall be lone with two kids then " Reba's voice lowered, her cheeks flushing. Tears in her eyes vocal cords choked 

 Sima reached out and squeezed her hand. "I understand, truly I do. But Rishav, he's involved with Mausumi, remember that? That girl from his college.She also came sometime in your house"

"I know, and that's another complication. But I saw how he looked at me at the wedding ceremony house we attended two weeks ago . There was something there, I could feel it."

 "And then what of Mausumi? She adores him. Though, I heard her mother, Arati Devi, has some issues with the match."

 Reba sighed, her heart heavy. "I knew too much about their Sima, and yet, I'm powerless to change any of it. I just... I just needed to tell someone."

 The women sat in silence for a while, the only sound the gentle clinking of their tea cups.

 ……….

A few days later, at the bustling office of TCS Kolkata, Rishav sat at his desk, deep in concentration, working on a complex engineering design.

 ,_"Hey, Rishav!" Pankaj, his colleague, waved a stack of files. "Let's grab lunch. I need your advice on this new project."

 Rishav looked up, his mind elsewhere. "Sure, give me a sec."

 As they walked to the cafeteria, Pankaj noticed Rishav's distraction. "Everything okay, man? You seem a million miles away."

 Rishav hesitated, then decided to confide in his friend. "It's complicated pankaj. There's this woman..."

 "Oho! A woman! Details, my friend, details!" Pankaj's eyes lit up with mischief.

 "It's not like that. She's my aunt, Rebeka . I think she... has a peculiar feeling for me. and that's for her family's security questions I understand for two kids "

 Pankaj's jaw dropped. "Your aunt? Whoa, that's a tricky one. How do you feel about her?"

 Risav sighed, his heart was heavy. "I of course care for them , but not in that way. I mean, she's family. And I love Mausumi. But ever since that night at the wedding, things had been somewhat different."

 "Wait, what happened on the wedding night?" Pankaj's curiosity was piqued.

 Rishav lowered his voice, "I... I kissed her. It was a moment of weakness for me, and I immediately regretted it to her, touching her feet as I came back to my senses. I drank a bit no doubt . But interestingly she responded, believe me pankaj, she herself responded and seduced me on her own in darkness,I could not believe in her arousal and ecstasy with me ,wanted to be escaped but surrendered and I felt... guilty, yet excited."

_"Whoa! And Mausumi, does she know about it?"

_"No pankaj, and I don't plan on telling her. I do care for my uncle's family, but I love Mausumi too.I know uncle has now numbered days . He is in stage iv cancer, spreading to the liver even. Immunotherapy didn't work very well to bring miracles as told . She spent all their savings for costly targeted monoclonal biologics prescribed for him . Her family is in an economic crisis. I just wish I could make things right with Reba aunt after the demise of my uncle, without hurting anyone."

 ...

 Back in Baidyabati house, at a quiet dinner table, Abani coughed violently, his frail body was shaking. Reba rushed to his side, her heart aching at the sight of her suffering husband in cancer lung. He need now aminophylline injection iv to get relief 

 "Abani, listen! should I call the doctor?" Reba's voice trembled in fear of dying Abani now . Almost one year passed he is on biologics a costly targeted therapy that ended their all savings and made heavy toll from Abanis Bank 

 "No, no, my love. It's just a stubborn cough. I'll be fine soon " Abani managed a weak smile, his eyes filled with affection and tears .He knows his days are being numbered 

 Reba caressed his cheek, tears welling up. "I'm so worried, Abani. I can't bear to see you like this more."

 "Shh... my strong Reba. We'll get through this. Remember, we have Rishav now with us , he's doing well at his job. He'll take care of yours even if I am not in the world." I rest assure you. Abani's voice was reassuring, yet it carried an underlying sadness and pain .

 Reba nodded, her mind flashing back to the moments of passion she was with Rishav. *How could I do that to my husband?* How could I do it with Rishav? She felt torn, her guilt overwhelming.

 ...

 The following weeks, at a cozy café in Kolkata, Rishav and Mausumi sat across from each other, their hands gently touching over the table.

 "Rishav, I've been meaning to talk to you," Mausumi's voice was soft, yet determined. "It's about your aunt, Reba ."

 Rishav's heart skipped a beat. "What about her Mausumi ?"

 "I sense there's something going on between you two. I can see it in the way she looks at you, and the ways you react to her. Rishav, listen I love you, but I won't be second best and can't be generous enough to share your salary more with her family even if your uncle is gone." Mausumi's eyes pleaded for understanding.

 Rishav felt the blood drain from his face. "Mausumi, I... I can explain it all. She's my aunt, nothing more to me, believe me"

 "Don't lie to me, Rishav. I know what I see. And I won't be in a relationship without trust." Mausumi's voice quivered, her eyes filling with tears love and hate 

 Risav reached for her hand, his heart breaking. "Mausumi, please, I love you. Let me talk to Reba to clear the air. I'll fix this, I promise."

 ………

 After nine months , one evening, at Reba's house, the family gathered for dinner. Abani, Rishav, and Reba sat around the table, the air thick with unspoken Abani feeling very bad

 "Risav, I wanted to talk to you about your work," Abani began, his voice feeble raspy.

 "Yes, uncle," Rishav replied, his throat was dry.

 As Abani spoke, Reba's eyes darted between the two men, her heart pounding. What is happening here?

 "I'm proud of you, Rishav. Your success gives me peace, knowing that my family will remain secured.even I am not here more" Abani's voice broke, and he coughed violently.

 "Uncle please, take care of yourself," Rishav pleaded, his eyes filling with tears.

 In that moment, Reba knew. She understood the unspoken words, the sacrifice her nephew was making for them . Her heart broke for him, for herself, for the love they couldn't express ever.

 "I love you, Rishav ," Abani whispered his last words, his eyes closing as his breath left him, his final words a declaration of love and gratitude.

 "Uncle" Risav screamed, his grief raw and powerful.

 Reba rushed to Abani's side, her hands trembling as she checked his pulse, knowing deep within that he was gone. "No, Abani, please..." she moaned, her tears falling freely.

 Rishav's cries filled the room, his grief echoing through the house.

In the days that followed, Rishav and Reba grieved together, their shared loss bringing them further closer. They never spoke of their hidden desires, but the unspoken understanding between them deepened and Rishav is now their guardian.

 As time passed, Rishav's love for Mausumi grew stronger, and he found the courage to speak to her again, rebuilding their trust.

 Reba, in her quiet moments, reflected on her life, her love for Abani, and the fleeting passions with Risav. She realized that sometimes, passion love takes unexpected turns, and it's the strength of family that sees us through.

                The end.

 The Struggle for a Change*

Author -;

Prof. Dr.Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, MD (University of Calcutta) FIC path WBMES  (Retired) 

 Ex Retired Professor,and Head Dept. of Pathology department,  Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108,C.R.Avenue, Kolkata -700073, West Bengal, india! Department of Health and Family Welfare  (WBMES wing),   Government of West Bengal (। Equivalent officiating Rank ,he was retired -: "Special Secretary " to the Government of West Bengal)

Post retirement posts he served

 -:Ex- Principal / Dean of JMN Medical College, JMN Educational  and Research Foundation, UttarPanchpota, Chakdaha, District- Ranaghat ,West Bengal, India, pin 741222 (now  under 2nd  LOP of NMC New Delhi ; affiliation with WBUHS)

 Ex Professor and Head of Pathology Department JIS School of Medical Sciences and Research ( under JIS University , Nilganje, Agarpara,  24 parganas North ) jagacha santragachi, Howrah District, West Bengal pin 7111302( under 2nd LOP of recognition of NMC, New Delhi)

At present ( since 19.12.2023 to till date) Present  Principal / Dean of Krishnanagar Institute  of Medical  Sciences ,  Bhatjangla, Palpara more , Krishnanagar, District -Nadia, West Bengal , India 741101( under 1rst LOP of NMC a UG private company Medical College under WBUHS affiliation) 

Email profpkb@yahoo.co.in

Copy right 

Belongs primarily to Prof. Dr. Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya under strict Copyright acts and laws of Intellectual Property Rights of World Intellectual Property Rights organisations ( WIPO) , RDF copyright rights acts and laws and PIP copyright acts of USA 2012 where Prof Dr Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya is a registered member . Please Don't try ever  to infringe the copyright  of the manuscript  to protect yourself from criminal offences suit file in court of law in any places of india and by civil law for compensation in few  millions US dollar or in pounds or in Euro in any court of laws

Chapter 1 - The Awakening

The summer of 1972 had descended upon the bustling village of Bankimpally, nestled in the heart of sodepur village, north 24 

 parganas, West Bengal.The sun hung high in the sky, casting a golden aurora over the sky , para of Purbapalli. The air was thick with the scent of spices and the cries of refugees, hawkers ,peddling their wares, but beneath the surface, a palpable tension simmered in Bankimpally,in Sodepur village. It was the 1972s, a year that would mark a pivotal turning point for the region, as the echoes of the Bangladesh Liberation War reverberated through the streets and the whispers of “revolution began to take root”. In the bustling refugee landscape of Bankimpally( the para was named with initials of six people lived and contributed for the benefits of man there ,like land acquisition fighting program from jotdar Brajen),

 Dr. Falgun Bhattacharya,26 then, a young and idealistic MBBS,DTM&H passed out doctor, at just 26 years old, he had already dedicated his life to serving the impoverished low ,low socioeconomic masses( in a newly formed refugees colony) who had fled the violence in neighboring East Pakistan, now it is Bangladesh. With a heart full of compassion and a mind brimming with revolutionary fervor, Dr Falgun tended to the sick and wounded, offering not just free medical care but a glimmer of hope in the face of despair.As Falgun made his rounds, his gaze often drifted to the nearby Purbapalli village, where the specter of oppression loomed large. 

 Brojen , a wealthy and ruthless landowner of Bankimpally and of some others areas of Purbapalli, and Natagarh village and a highly corrupt money laundering businessman had long held the villagers in his iron grip, exploiting them through usurious non micro finance loan schemes with very high monthly interests and denying them access to basic resources.It was these injustices of Brojenbabu towards the refugee families (in his abandoned unused lands the refugees occupied ), that had fueled Falgun's involvement in the Naxalite movement, a revolutionary communist ideology that had taken root in the region. Alongside his work as a general practitioner doctor, Falgun had become a vocal advocate for the rights of the downtrodden, organizing protests and rallying the villagers to resist Brojen's tyrannical rule. Falgun's blood boiled at the sight of Brojen's tyrannical reign, and he knew that the time for change had come.He was also originated from such a refugee family, his parents Bholababu and Bani with their families flew away from East Pakistan Brahmanbaria and kushtia district ichapura village, udaipur village in 1947 noakhali qriot took place in undivided Bangladesh during division of india by British rulers with consents of MK Gandhi , jawaharlal chacha Nehru and jinnah etc in name of independence of two countries 

One evening, as Falgun made his way through the bustling streets of Bankimpally, he caught a glimpse of a qyoung woman, her eyes alight with a fire that mirrored his own. Tutu ( Debjani), the daughter of landowner Brojen, had forsaken the comforts of her privileged upbringing to join the growing ranks of the Naxalite movement. Her presence in the village was a testament to the power of conviction, a spark that had the potential to ignite a revolution. Tutu, was then 24-year-old , a graduate of Presidency College with a degree in English Literature from presidency college, had always been torn between her feudal family's expectations and of her own revolutionary ideals. As she watched from a distance how the refugees struggled to survive with all odds , her heart ached, and she found herself drawn to the passionate young doctor who championed their cause.

Falgun and Tutu crossed paths, their eyes met, and a silent understanding passed between them. In that moment, the weight of their shared struggle seemed to lift, and they were united by a common purpose – to bring about a transformation that would reshape the very fabric of their society.

One day their both eyes met across the crowded festival grounds, and in that moment, a spark ignited between them. Tutu felt a thrill of excitement, a glimmer of hope that she might find an ally in her fight against the oppressive forces that threatened to consume her world. Falgun, too, was captivated by the young woman's fierce intelligence and unwavering determination, qualities that mirrored his own.

The air was again thick with the scent of marigolds and dust, and the sounds of distant drums echoed from the cultural festival being held nearby. Naxal party’s prime leader Charu Majumdar's voice had resonated through the hearts of the youth, igniting dreams of a classless & jotdar free society. 

_“Did you hear Charu’s speech?” Tutu asked, her eyes sparkling with enthusiasm as she and Dr Falgun navigated through the throngs of colorful saris and dhotis. 

_“‘Revolution is not and was never a bed of roses,’” Falgun quotes, his smiles wide. “It’s the thorns that make it beautiful, right?” 

-“Exactly!” Tutu laughed, the sound bright and clear against the backdrop of the festival. “I feel it in my bones. We need to do something here!”

Falgun’s heart raced. “And we will do it here together.” 

Just then, a loud crash punctuated the air, followed by a collective gasp from the crowd. A wooden platform had collapsed, sending performers tumbling into the dust. 

“Are they alright?” Tutu exclaimed, her laughter turning into concern.

“Let’s help!” Falgun pulled her toward the chaos. The two rushed to aid the fallen performers, hands working together, voices calling out to each other amidst the confusion.

“Hey, you okay?” Falgun asked a young dancer, brushing dust from her face. 

“Just my pride!” she groaned, but a smile broke through her pain.

Tutu chuckled lightly. “Pride can be mended, but not if you don’t get back up!”

“Right!” Falgun grinned. “Let’s get back to it!” 

In the shadows, however, a pair of watchful eyes observed the budding romance. Brojen, ever the cunning opportunist, had long suspected that this young doctor posed a threat to his dominion. Now, with the discovery of bastard Falgun's affection for her daughter Tutu, Brojen's suspicions were confirmed, and he began to plot his next move, determined to crush the spark of revolution before it could ignite into a full-fledged blaze in his family business and zamindar family Pride 

 Brojen's , hawk-like gaze fixed on the pair. “Keep an eye on them,” Brojen instructed his henchman, “Tapan,” and Pravash who had recently begun to rise as a local leader from the National Congress party . “They're Real trouble.” Pravash nodded, a sly grin on his face. “They think they can change the world.fooh! Let’s see how strong their resolve really is.”

As the festival came to a close, Falgun and Tutu found themselves drawn to a secluded corner, their voices hushed as they shared their dreams of a more just and equitable socialistic society. Tutu spoke passionately about the plight of the refugees, her words laced with a fervor that Falgun found both alluring and inspiring.

“These people have lost everything," Tutu whispered, her eyes shining with unshed tears. "Their homes, their livelihoods, their very sense of belonging and now refugees. We cannot stand idly by and let them suffer. We must fight for their change, Falgun. We must rise up against the oppressors ,be it my father and my family members who seek to keep us down.”

Falgun nodded, his heart swelling with a mixture of admiration and trepidation. "I know, Tutu. And that is precisely what I intend to do. The time for revolution is upon us, and I will not rest until the people of Purbapalli and Bankimpally are free from the shackles of tyranny and my dream for classless socialism here.”

“Do you think it’s really possible?” she asked, her voice barely above a whisper. “A world without class? Without my father Brojen, uncle Prasad, Prabhas, chatterjee uncles ?”

“Absolutely,” he replied, his expression serious. “But it requires sacrifice. It’s not just a talk of love. We must act.” 

“I’m ready,” she said, determination shining in her eyes. “I want to fight for our future.” 

Their eyes locked, and in that moment, something shifted. The world around them faded away, leaving only the thumping of their hearts. 

“Then let’s make a promise,” he said, his voice low. “Whatever happens, we will fight together.” 

“Together,” she echoed, and they sealed their vow with a kiss—innocent yet electric, filled with dreams of revolution and love.

Their words, charged with a sense of purpose and a burning desire for justice, hung in the air, a clarion call to the winds of change that were sweeping through the region. Little did they know that their fledgling romance would soon be tested by the relentless machinations of Brojen Samajdar, who would stop at nothing to maintain his grip on power.

As the sun dipped below the horizon, casting long shadows across the village, Falgun returned to his home, his heart heavy with the weight of the challenges that lay ahead. Yet, in the stillness of the night, he found solace in the knowledge that he was not alone in this struggle – that Tutu and countless others like her were willing to risk everything for the sake of a better tomorrow.

The stage was set for a battle that would test the mettle of the villagers, pitting the forces of oppression against the relentless march of progress. Falgun, with his unwavering dedication and Tutu's youthful idealism, would be at the forefront of this clash, determined to forge a new path for their community, one that would echo through the ages.

It was during one of the vibrant cultural festivals Durga Puja,in Purbapalli club ( This club was established with efforts of Bholababu and Gopal Das,Chitta majumder, Bhombol Tania all)

Chapter,2

The Power Struggle 

In the bustling refugee colony areas of Bankimpalli, Dr. Falgun Bhattacharya, a young and idealistic MBBS& DTMH doctor, moved with a sense of purpose, his brow furrowed with determination. At just 26 years old, he had already dedicated his life to serving the impoverished masses who had fled the violence in neighboring East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. With a heart full of compassion and a mind brimming with revolutionary fervor, Falgun tended to the sick and wounded, offering not just medical care but a glimmer of hope in the face of despair.

The air in Bankimpally was thick with tension as Brojen , the influential landowner, jomindar paced back and forth in his opulent study. His beady eyes narrowed with a mixture of rage and calculation, his thick mustache twitching as he contemplated his next move. 

Falgun , the young idealistic doctor, the eldest son of Bholababu had become a thorn in Brojen's side, tending to the refugees and challenging the status quo. But what truly infuriated Brojen was the growing bond between Falgun and his daughter, Tutu - a bond that threatened to disrupt the carefully crafted life he had planned for her.Brojen's fingers drummed against the polished mahogany desk as he summoned his trusted henchman, “Pravash”. "I've seen the way that upstart doctor looks at my daughter," he growled, his voice loaded with venom. "We must put an end to this nonsense before it spreads any further.”

Brojen leaned back in his chair, a sinister smile spreading across his face. "We'll need to discredit Falgun and sever his ties with the villagers and refugees. I want you to spread rumors, stir up resentment - anything to turn the people against him."Pravash's eyes gleamed with a twisted sense of purpose. "It will be done, Brojen babu”. I'll make sure that the doctor and his meddle some ways are forgotten."

As Pravash left the room, Brojen's gaze drifted to the framed portrait of his family, his expression hardening. "No one will stand in the way of my ambitions," he muttered,

Meanwhile, in the heart of Bankimpally, Falgun and Tutu were lost in each other's embrace, oblivious to the storm brewing around them. Their stolen moments of tenderness were a rare respite from the ever-present tension that permeated the village.

"Falgun, I'm so afraid for you," Tutu whispered, her fingers tracing the contours of his face. "My father is a very powerful man, and he will stop at nothing to keep us apart."

Falgun pulled her close, his own heart racing with a mixture of fear and determination. "I know, Tutu. But I won't back down, not when there is so much at stake. The people of Bankimpally need us, and I won't abandon them.”Tutu's eyes glistened with unshed tears. "I believe in you, Doctor Falgun. But I can't bear the thought of you being hurt because of me."

Falgun pressed a gentle kiss to her forehead. "I won't let that happen, Tutu. We'll face this together, no matter what."

Their tender moment was shattered by the sound of footsteps approaching, and they quickly pulled apart, their hearts pounding with the fear of being discovered.

Days turned into their bond deepened, so too did the threat from Brojen. 

“Falgun, I can’t marry that businessman,” she said, frustration lacing her voice as they sat in the dim light of her family’s garden. 

“Then don’t!” Falgun urged, passion igniting in his tone. “You have a choice. We have a choice!” 

“My father won’t allow it,” she countered, glancing toward the house where her father’s shadow loomed large. “He’s already arranged the marriage.” 

“Then we expose him,” Falgun said defiantly. “We rally the villagers. We will bring the fight to him.” 

Tutu hesitated. “What if he retaliates?”

“Let him,” Falgun replied, his eyes fierce. “We can’t let fear dictate our lives.”

“Falgun, you don’t understand!” Tutu exclaimed, her voice rising. “He’s ruthless. He’ll do anything to maintain control.” 

“Then we must be just as ruthless,” he said, his voice steady. “We’ll show them the power of unity. The power of love and rebellion.” 

Tutu took a deep breath, letting his words sink in. “Alright. Together.”

But unbeknownst to them, Brojen had already begun to plot against Falgun, his fury boiling beneath the surface. 

Their tender moment was shattered by the sound of footsteps approaching, and they quickly pulled apart, their hearts pounding with the fear of being discovered.

Emerging from the shadows,Mr Gopal Das, the charismatic local CPM leader, strode towards them, his expression was grave. "Falgun, we need to talk. Brojen's men have been spreading rumors to revert the mind of the refugee colony people by giving them money, and the villagers are starting to turn against you."

Falgun's brow furrowed with concern. "What kind of rumors, Gopal uncle ?"

Gopal's gaze darted between Falgun and Tutu, his voice lowering to a conspiratorial whisper. "They're saying you're a foreign agent, that you're using the refugees to stir up trouble. Brojen is painting you as a threat to our way of life."

Tutu's face paled, and she gripped Falgun's arm tightly. "We have to do something, Falgun. We can't let my father win."

Falgun's jaw tightened with resolve. "Then we'll fight back, Tutu. Gopal uncle, gather the villagers. It's time we showed Brojen that we won't be silenced."

Gopal nodded, a glimmer of hope in his eyes. "I'll spread the word. Meet me at the village square tonight. It's time to take a stand."

As Gopal hurried away, Falgun and Tutu exchanged a determined look, their fingers intertwining. The battle lines had been drawn, and they were prepared to face the consequences, no matter the cost. 

“Those two are a danger,” he seethed to Gopal. “We can’t let them rally the villagers. They must be dealt with.” 

Gopal smirked. “I have a plan.”

Chapter 3: The Magical Encounter

The sun had barely risen over the lush fields of Bankimpally when Falgun Bhattacharya found himself once again at the doorstep of Banani Devi's humble thatched hut. The weight of the conflict between his revolutionary ideals and the realities of his relationship with Tutu had become increasingly burdensome, and he sought guidance from the enigmatic woman who had become a confidante.

As Banani opened the door, her eyes met Falgun's, and a silent understanding passed between them. She ushered him inside, the air was thick with an unspoken tension. Falgun settled on the worn wooden bench, his mind racing with questions, his heart pounding with a mixture of trepidation and anticipation.

"Banani-boudi, I need your help," he began, his voice laced with desperation. "The conflict with Brojen is escalating, and I fear for the safety of the villagers. I feel lost, unsure of the path I should take."

Banani listened intently, her gaze unwavering. She reached out and gently placed her hand on Falgun's, a gesture that conveyed both comfort and understanding. "My dearest Doctor!, the path ahead is not an easy one, but you must have faith in the power of the people. The revolution is not just a dream, but a necessity for our surviva here now l."

Falgun nodded, his eyes reflecting the turmoil within. "I know, but the cost is so high. I also worry for my family, for Tutu, for their safety, and for the future of our love. Brojen is no doubt a formidable enemy, and I fear he will stop at nothing to destroy me, my parents and my family too."

Banani's expression softened, and she leaned in closer sat beside Falgun. "There is a way, Doctor, a path that can guide you through this darkness. But it requires a sacrifice, a surrender of the self to a greater purpose.and you are a doctor a female body and mint must be known to you I do hope so"

Intrigued, Falgun leaned forward, his eyes locked with Banani's. "What do you mean boudi ? What can I do for it ?"

Banani's voice dropped to a whisper, her words carrying a sense of mysticism. "There is a mantra, an ancient incantation that has the power to summon the strength of the revolution. It is a gift, one that I can share with you, but the price is high for you."

Falgun's brow furrowed, his curiosity piqued. "What is the price,-boudi?"

Banani's gaze drifted away, her expression pensive. "The price is the surrender of your body and soul to the cause. The mantra requires a deep, intimate physical connection with the one who wields its power. Do you agree?"

Falgun felt a chill run down his spine, the implication of her words dawning on him. "You mean... Physical relationship..with you..are you sure…of that you have your husband and daughter too 

. but consequences... should I must..."

Banani nodded solemnly. "Yes, Falgun. “You must offer your body and soul yourself to me, yes I do mean your body and your soul, in order to harness the full strength of the mantra. Only then can you lead the revolution to victory."

Falgun's mind raced, his moral compass spinning as he grappled with the gravity of Banani's request. The thought of being physically intimate with this woman, who was not his beloved Tutu, older than him , filled him with a sense of unease. Yet, the promise of the mantra's power, the possibility of saving the villagers and toppling Brojen's regime, was a temptation he could not ignore.

Sensing his inner turmoil, Banani reached out and cupped Falgun's face, her eyes reflecting a deep longing for doing sex . "I know this is not an easy decision, my boy. But the fate of our people hangs in the balance. You must be willing to make the ultimate sacrifice for the greater good you take your time . No hasty decision and you must keep it secret from all "

Falgun's resolve hardened, and he nodded resolutely. "I will do it, Banani boudi. For the sake of the revolution, for the sake of the people, I will surrender myself to you.you can do it whatever ways you like."

A faint smile played on Banani's lips, and she leaned in, her breath caressing Falgun's cheek. "We will be nice to each other ok.Don't hurt me in the process. I love revolution and it is for the sake of revolution. Then let us begin, my boy.I hope you don't need teaching more for women's arousal satisfaction and orgasm. I promise I 

 promise I will be good in bed for you and you will enjoy that Let us harness the power of the mantra and bring about the change our village so desperately needs."

In the privacy of the thatched hut, Banani and Falgun embarked on a journey of intimate connection, both totally naked, their bodies intertwined as they sought to unlock the mystical power of the mantra. Falgun's initial hesitation to touch her private gave way to a sense of purpose, his mind focused on the greater good, even as his heart wrestled with the implications of his actions.

As the sun rose higher in the sky, the air in the hut grew heavy with the weight of their encounter, the sounds of Banani's passion, groaning, chatt to stimulate Falgun her Whispers mingled with the distant chatter of the villagers. Falgun, once a man torn between his love and his revolutionary ideals, now found himself irrevocably bound to the cause, his soul forever entwined with the mystical power of the mantra and the woman who had entrusted it to him.

Chapter 5: The Revolution Ignites

The air in Bankimpally crackled with tension as the villagers and refugees gathered in the town square, their faces etched with a mixture of fear and determination. Dr Falgun Bhattacharya stood among them, his eyes blazing with the fire of revolution. He had spent countless hours in the past few weeks, rallying the community, sharing Banani's powerful mantra, and igniting the spark of resistance against Brojen's oppressive regime.As Falgun stepped forward, the crowd fell silent, their gaze fixed on the young doctor they had come to trust and admire. "My friends," he began, his voice steady and resolute, "the time has come to stand up and fight for our freedom. For too long, Brojen Samajdar has exploited us, robbing us of our land, our resources, and our dignity. He profits from our pain!” But no more!”

“A murmur rippled through the crowd. 

“Are we going to let him continue?” Tutu added, stepping forward. “We deserve better! We deserve freedom, we deserve land to build our home here!” 

“Yes!” the crowd roared, the energy rising. 

But in the shadows, Brojen’s men lurked, weapons glinting ominously. 

“Gather the men,” Brojen commanded, his voice low and menacing. “It’s time to silence them.” 

As the villagers began to chant, “No more! No more!” a sudden gunshot rang out. 

“Get down!” Falgun yelled, pushing Tutu to the ground. Chaos erupted, villagers screaming and scattering as Brojen’s men advanced. 

“Stay together!” Falgun shouted, trying to organize the panicked crowd. “We can’t let fear divide us!” 

Tutu’s heart raced. “What do we do?” 

“We fight!” Falgun declared, his voice resolute. “For our lives! For our love!” 

With that, the villagers rallied, forming a line against Brojen’s men. The clashes were fierce, shouts and cries blending into a cacophony of chaos. 

“Push back!” Falgun yelled, adrenaline coursing through him. 

Tutu fought beside him, fear and determination merging into a singular force. 

In the midst of it all, Falgun’s eyes met Tutu’s, a moment of clarity amidst the storm. 

“I love you!” he shouted, his voice cutting through the chaos. 

“I love you too!” she cried back, the connection grounding them both. 

The battle raged on, and as the dust settled, the villagers emerged victorious, Brojen’s regime collapsing under the weight of their unity.

In the aftermath of the revolution, the village buzzed with a newfound sense of hope. Gopal Das stood tall as the newly elected leader, while the villagers began to rebuild their lives. 

 “Tutu!” Falgun called, finding her by the newly erected community center. 

 “Falgun!” she exclaimed, rushing into his arms. “We did it!” 

 “We did,” he replied, holding her tightly. “But it’s just the beginning.” 

 As they exchanged dreams of a brighter future, a familiar figure approached. 

 “Falgun,” Banani Devi, the local healer, called, her expression serious. “I need to speak with you.” 

 “What is it?” he asked, concern creeping into his voice. 

 “I’m pregnant,” she said, her voice trembling.”it's yours Falgun “

 A heavy silence followed her words. “What?” Falgun exclaimed, shock washing over him. 

 “I’m carrying your child,” she clarified, eyes downcast. 

 Tutu looked from Banani to Falgun, confusion clouding her features. “You…?”

 “Wait, Tutu, it’s not what you think!” Falgun protested, panic rising. 

 “I don’t know what to think!” Tutu’s voice trembled. “What does this mean?” 

 “It means we need to decide,” Banani said, her voice steady. “I can raise the child alone if that’s what you want.” 

 “Alone?” Falgun echoed, his heart sinking. “But I want to be there for you, for the child.” 

 “Then be honest with Tutu,” Banani urged. “This isn’t just about us anymore.” 

 “Tutu, I…” Falgun began, but the words caught in his throat.

 “I need time,” Tutu said, her eyes welling with tears. “I need to think about what this means for us.” 

 As she turned away, Falgun felt a pang of despair, knowing that the revolution had ignited a fire of change, but it had also brought chaos into their lives. D

ays passed, and as the village began to heal, so did the wounds of their relationships. 

 “Tutu,” Falgun said one evening, finding her by the river. 

 “Falgun,” she replied, her voice soft. “Have you thought about what we discussed?” 

 “I have,” he admitted, sitting beside her. “I want to support Banani and the child. But you are my heart. I can’t lose you.” 

 Tutu looked at him, vulnerability etched on her face. “And what if I can’t accept this? What if I can’t share you?” 

 “Then we’ll find a way,” he said, taking her hand. “Love is powerful enough to overcome anything.” 

 “Will it be enough?” she whispered, uncertainty hanging in the air.

 “It has to be,” he replied, squeezing her hand. “We fought for our freedom. We can fight for this too.” 

 As they sat in silence, watching the sun dip below the horizon, hope flickered like a candle in the dark. 

In the weeks that followed, the village began to flourish under Gopal’s leadership, while Banani prepared for motherhood. 

 “Falgun,” she called one afternoon, finding him at the community center. 

 “Banani,” he greeted, his expression softening. “How are you?” 

 “I’m scared,” she admitted, placing a hand on her belly. “What if I’m not ready for this?” 

 “You’ll be a wonderful mother,” he reassured her. “You have a loving heart.” 

 “But what about you?” she asked, her eyes searching his. “What about Tutu?” 

 “I’ll find a way to be there for both of you,” he promised, determination in his voice. “We’ll make this work.” 

 Banani nodded, a flicker of hope igniting in her eyes. “Together?” 

 “Together,” he affirmed, and in that moment, the weight of their struggles felt a little lighter.

 As the village embraced change, Tutu found herself re-evaluating her own beliefs. 

 “Gopal,” she approached the new leader one evening, determination in her stride. “I want to help.” 

 “Help?” he echoed, raising an eyebrow. 

 “I want to be a voice for the women in our village,” she declared. “We need to address our future—together.” 

 Gopal smiled, pride shining in his eyes. “Excellent. We need more voices like yours.” 

 As Tutu poured herself into community work, she felt a sense of purpose return. 

 The sun rose on a new day, its rays illuminating the village of Putbapalli. The scars of the past still lingered, but hope filled the air, mingling with the sounds of laughter and chatter. 

 “Falgun!” Tutu called, spotting him at a distance. 

 “Hey!” he waved, a smile breaking across his face. 

 “Can I join you?” she asked, her heart racing. 

 “Always,” he replied, pulling her close. 

 As they walked hand in hand, the path ahead felt uncertain yet filled with promise. The challenges ahead would be great, but together, they believed they could forge a brighter future.

 In the village of Putbapalli, love blossomed amidst revolution, reminding them all that change was possible—if they dared to fight for it.